Journal of Oral Implantology April 2014 - (Page 153)

RESEARCH Effects of pH and Elevated Glucose Levels on the Electrochemical Behavior of Dental Implants Evsen Tamam, DDS, PhD1* Ilser Turkyilmaz, DDS, PhD2 Implant failure is more likely to occur in persons with medically compromising systemic conditions, such as diabetes related to high blood glucose levels and inflammatory diseases related to pH levels lower than those in healthy people. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lower pH level and simulatedhyperglycemia on implant corrosion as these effects are critical to biocompatibility and osseointegration. The electrochemical corrosion properties of titanium implants were studied in four different solutions: Ringer's physiological solution at pH ¼ 7.0 and pH ¼ 5.5 and Ringer's physiological solution containing 15 mM dextrose at pH ¼ 7 and pH ¼ 5.5. Corrosion behaviors of dental implants were determined by cyclic polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Surface alterations were studied using a scanning electron microscope. All test electrolytes led to apparent differences in corrosion behavior of the implants. The implants under conditions of test exhibited statistically significant increases in Icorr from 0.2372 to 1.007 lAcmÀ2, corrosion rates from 1.904 to 8.085 mpy, and a decrease in polarization resistances from 304 to 74 X. Implants in dextrosecontaining solutions were more prone to corrosion than those in Ringer's solutions alone. Increasing the acidity also yielded greater corrosion rates for the dextrose-containing solutions and the solutions without dextrose. Key Words: corrosion, implants, diabetes, pH, EIS, SEM INTRODUCTION T itanium is considered one of the most ideal metals for in vivo applications because of its excellent biocompatibility.1,2 Therefore, titanium and its alloys have been used extensively in the past several decades as materials for medical devices, orthopedic implants, and dental implants.3 In implantology, it is necessary to know the interaction between biomaterials and the oral or physiological environment and surrounding tissues, especially the longevity of these biomedical implants.4 Because corrosion is responsible for gradual degradation of materials through the release of metal ions into the body environments, the biocompatibility of a 1 Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. 2 Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex. * Corresponding Author, e-mail: evsen78@yahoo.com DOI: 10.1563/AAID-JOI-D-11-00083 material is correlated with its corrosion tendency.5 In contrast to these properties, passivating alloys can generate metal ions that react with human fluid, especially with chloride ions, forming complexes and precipitates. In addition, they can form hydroxides or oxides with water and produce a change in the pH.6 These pH changes can produce potential and current gradients, so there is a possibility of local acceleration of corrosion on some areas of the implant. A pH value can vary from 5.4 until 7.8 during inflammatory process.7 Although implant treatment is very successful in healthy persons, implant failure is more likely to occur in persons with medically compromising systemic conditions, such as diabetes,8 and other inflammatory diseases associated with lower pH values.9 The risk to patients with diabetes is particularly disconcerting because of the growing incidence of this disease.10 It has been predicted that the number of patients with diabetes mellitus worldwide will Journal of Oral Implantology 153

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Journal of Oral Implantology April 2014

Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT): Answering the Call for JOI’s Endorsement
Photoelastic Analysis of Stress Distribution With Different Implant Systems
Influence of Abutment Screw Design and Surface Coating on the Bending Flexural Strength of the Implant Set
Comparison of Implant-Abutment Interface Misfits After Casting and Soldering Procedures
Evaluation of Accuracy of Casts of Multiple Internal Connection Implant Prosthesis Obtained From Different Impression Materials and Techniques: An In Vitro Study
The Effect of Different Implant-Abutment Connections on Screw Joint Stability
Effects of pH and Elevated Glucose Levels on the Electrochemical Behavior of Dental Implants
Finite Element Analysis of Provisional Structures of Implant-Supported Complete Prostheses
Saliva Versus Peri-implant Inflammation: Quantification of IL-1b in Partially and Totally Edentulous Patients
Heat Generated During Seating of Dental Implant Fixtures
An Alternative Approach for Augmenting the Anterior Maxilla Using Autogenous Free Gingival Bone Graft for Implant Retained Prosthesis
Nasopalatine Duct Cyst, a Delayed Complication to Successful Dental Implant Placement: Diagnosis and Surgical Management
The Custom Endosteal Implant: Histology and Case Report of a Retrieved Maxillary Custom Osseous-Integrated Implant Nine Years in Service
Occlusal Concepts Application in Resolving Implant Prosthetic Failure: Case Report
Three-Year Follow-Up of a Single Immediate Implant Placed in an Infected Area: A New Approach for Harvesting Autogenous Symphysis Graft
Use of Stress Analysis Methods to Evaluate the Biomechanics of Oral Rehabilitation With Implants

Journal of Oral Implantology April 2014