Dentaltown January 2017 - 62

some orthodontists, to paraphrase W.C.
Fields, would on the whole rather be in
19th-century Philadelphia."1
New maps would free the general dentist
to understand in greater depth the role of
occlusion in pain and dysfunction as a
potential contributing factor, rather than
making assumptions about its key role
and the need to idealize occlusions based
on some non-evidence-based concepts.
The acceptance of the contributing role
of occlusion in temporomandibular joint
pathology as well as extracapsular disorders
would allow other contributing factors
to be appropriately considered without
eliminating inappropriate dental contact
as a potential contributing factor itself.
Greene and Reid have carefully reviewed the
key role of conservative reversible therapies
and the need to have specific diagnostically
driven therapies based upon well-designed
risk benefit considerations in an ethical
dental model.27
The old maps that lead us only to the
role of occlusion and interferences in pain
and dysfunction often take us down the
wrong road, and often lead dentists in honest
attempts to help their patients with pain
and dysfunction down frustrating paths. ■

8.

9.

10.

11.
12.

13.
14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.
References
1.
Ackerman, J.L., M.B. Ackerman, and M.R. Kean, A Philadelphia fable: how ideal occlusion became the philosopher's
stone of orthodontics. Angle Orthod, 2007. 77(1): p. 192-4.
2.
Karolyi, M., Beobachtungen uber Pyorrhea alveolaris.
Oesterr-Ungar Bierteljahrsschrift Zahnheilkunde, 1901. 17:
p. 279.
3.
Clark, G.T., Etiologic theory and the prevention of temporomandibular disorders. Adv Dent Res, 1991. 5: p. 60-6.
4.
Dawson, P.E., Functional occlusion : from TMJ to smile
design. 2006, St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby.
5.
Costen, J.B., A syndrome of ear and sinus symptoms dependent upon disturbed function of the temporomandibular
joint. 1934. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1934. 106(10 Pt 1):
p. 805-19.
6.
Goodfriend, D.J., Dysarthrosis and subarthrosis of mandibular articulation. Dent Cosmos, 1932. 74(523).
7.
Morgan, D.H., Diseases of the temporomandibular apparatus
: a multidisciplinary approach. 2nd ed. 1982, St. Louis:
Mosby. xvi, 659 p.

62

JANUARY 2017 // dentaltown.com

24.

25.

26.
27.

Hattori, Y., et al., Occlusal and TMJ loads in subjects with
experimentally shortened dental arches. J Dent Res, 2003.
82(7): p. 532-6.
Miralles, R., et al., Influence of protrusive functions on
electromyographic activity of elevator muscles. Cranio, 1987.
5(4): p. 324-32 contd.
Gerritsen, A., et al., An observational cohort study on
shortened dental arches-clinical course during a period of
27-35 years. Clin Oral Investig, 2012: p. 1-8.
Sears, V.H., Occlusal pivots. J Prosthet Dent, 1956. 6: p.
332-338.
Travell, J., Temporomandibular joint pain referred from
muscles of the head and neck, . The Journal of Prosthetic
Dentistry 1960. 10(4): p. 745-763.
Ramfjord, S.P., Bruxism, a clinical and electromyographic
study. J Am Dent Assoc, 1961. 62: p. 21-44.
Ramfjord, S.P., Dysfunctional temporomandibular joint and
muscle pain. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 1961. 11(2): p.
353-74.
Johnston, L.E., Jr., Fear and Loathing in Orthodontics.
Notes on the death of theory, in Craniofacial Growth Series,
23, D. Carlson, Editor. 1990, Center for Human Growth
and Development; University of Michigan: Ann Arbor.
Pullinger, A., Establishing better biological models to understand occlusion. I: TM joint anatomic relationships. J Oral
Rehabil, 2013. 40(4): p. 296-318.
Michelotti, A., et al., No effect of experimental occlusal
interferences on pressure pain thresholds of the masseter and
temporalis muscles in healthy women. Eur J Oral Sci, 2006.
114(2): p. 167-70.
Michelotti, A. and G. Iodice, The role of orthodontics in
temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil, 2010. 37(6):
p. 411-429.
Goodman, P., Greene, C. S., Laskin, D. M., Response of
patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome to mock
equilibration. Journal of the American Dental Association,
1976. 92(4): p. 755-8.
Stohler, C.S., Craniofacial pain and motor function: pathogenesis, clinical correlates, and implications. Crit Rev Oral
Biol Med, 1999. 10(4): p. 504-18.
Lund, J.P., et al., The pain-adaptation model: a discussion
of the relationship between chronic musculoskeletal pain and
motor activity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1991. 69(5): p.
683-94.
Shah, J.P., et al., Myofascial Trigger Points Then and Now:
A Historical and Scientific Perspective. PM&R, 2015. 7(7):
p. 746-761.
Graf, H., Tooth Contact Patterns In Mastication. Journal of
Prosthetic Dentistry, 1963. 13(6): p. 1055-1066.
Moorrees, C.F., et al., Research related to malocclusion:
a "state-of-the-art" workshop conducted by the oral-facial
growth and development program, the national institute of
dental research. American journal of orthodontics, 1971.
59(1): p. 1-18.
Isaacson, R.J., et al., Research on variation in dental
occlusion: A "state of the art" workshop conducted by the
Craniofacial Anomalies Program, the National Institute of
Dental Research. American journal of orthodontics, 1975.
68(3): p. 241-255.
Magendie, F., An Elementary Treatise on Human Physiology.
5th ed. 1843, New York, NY: Harper.
Reid, K.I. and C.S. Greene, Diagnosis and treatment of
temporomandibular disorders: an ethical analysis of current
practices. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 2013. 40(7): p.
546-561.
http://www.dentaltown.com
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Dentaltown January 2017
