JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 73

Ks is the slope of the static regression line. The above can be written as: (3A) 3 – Sb or static flexural HDB. This is a static flexural strain that makes the pipe fail after 50 years in accordance with ASTM D5365. The regression line for bending has the forms: (4) Combined equation 2 – Ss or static tensile HDB. This is a static tensile strain that makes the pipe fail after 50 years when tested in accordance with ASTM D2992 procedure B. The pipe is tested filled with water, and the failure criterion is weep. On log x log space, the regression line takes the form: (3) Based on the above, the combined loading that would make the pipe fail after 50 years of continuous use is obtained when the three lifetime fractions add up to 100%, or: Which, in view of equations (3A), (4A) and (5A), is the same as: (5) In equation (5), the three K’s are the slopes of the regression lines, the three ε’s are the initial strains acting on the pipe, and the three S’s are the HDB’s that make the pipe fail in the long term (say 50 years). (4A) Equations (2), (3) and (4) predict the times to failure when the loadings act alone. The question is how they can be combined when the three loadings act together. The resulting combined equation is the governing equation of failure. The derivation of the combined equation is very simple. In fact, this derivation has already been done. Equations (2A), (3A) and (4A) express the fractions of the total lifetime for each loading taking as reference the period of 50 years. To understand this, assume we have the following lives for a certain pipe: • 500 years lifetime when subjected to cyclic loading. Therefore, 50 years corresponds to = 0.10 or 10% of the cyclic lifetime. • 200 years when subjected to static tensile loading. By the same reasoning, 50 years correspond to = 0.25 or 25% of the static lifetime. • 250 years when subjected to static flexural loading. Again, this is equal to = 0.20 or 20% of the lifetime. The question that we ask ourselves is the following: Would the above three loadings make the pipe fail in 50 years if they acted simultaneously? According to the principle of superposition, if acting together for 50 years, the three loadings would consume 40% + 10% + 20% = 70% of the pipe’s lifetime. Therefore, the pipe would not fail if subjected to the simultaneous action of the above three loadings for a period of 50 years. Worked example Parameter Equation (5) predicts the structural lifetime of composite pipes when the three loadings act simultaneously. It has been derived from the principle of superposition and the regression lines of pipes in water. This, however, does not affect its generality, since water is the only agent that affects the structural life of composites. Equation (5) is a neat and simple mathematical expression that can be used to predict the structural life of any fibre-dominated composite in any medium and subjected to multiple loadings. The numerical values of the coefficients required in equation (5) are listed in Table 1. The values of Ks, Kb, Ss and Sb have been taken from the regression lines published by Flowtite. The value of Sc was taken from publications by Ameron. The value of Kc was suggested by the work of Professor F Mandell. . Table 1: Suggested values for the coefficients required in the failure equation. Sb – static flexural HDB for 50 years Sc – cyclic tensile HDB for 50 years Ks – slope of the static tensile regression line for water Kb –slope of the static flexural regression line for water Kc – slope of the cyclic tensile regression line We used equation (5) and the coefficients in Table 1 to calculate the safety factor for a composite pipeline used to carry water under the following initial conditions: No33 June 2007 / JEC Composites Magazine Suggested value 0.65% 1.30% 0.20% 0.055 0.039 0.100 Ss – static tensile HDB for 50 years Source Flowtite Flowtite Ameron Flowtite Flowtite F Mandell .

JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007

Editorial
Market Place
Advertisers & Index
Contents
NEWS WORLDWIDE
- Companies
- Agenda of events
- Innovations
BUSINESS
- Market survey
- Trends
- Niche markets
- Human capital
FEATURE - CONSTRUCTION
- Process
- Equipment
- Application
USERS’ PLATFORM
- Composites in the world
- Applications
KNOW-HOW
- Stretch-broken fibres
- Metal matrix
- Durability
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 1
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 2
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - Editorial
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - Market Place
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - Advertisers & Index
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - Contents
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 7
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Companies
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 9
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 10
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 11
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Agenda of events
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 13
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Innovations
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 15
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 16
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 17
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 18
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 19
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 20
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 21
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 22
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - BUSINESS
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Market survey
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 25
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 26
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Trends
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 28
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Niche markets
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Human capital
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - FEATURE - CONSTRUCTION
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Process
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 33
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Equipment
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 35
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 36
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Application
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 38
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 39
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 40
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 41
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 42
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 43
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 44
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 45
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 46
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 47
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 48
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 49
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 50
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 51
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 52
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 53
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 54
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - USERS’ PLATFORM
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Composites in the world
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 57
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Applications
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 59
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 60
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 61
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 62
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - KNOW-HOW
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Stretch-broken fibres
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 65
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 66
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Metal matrix
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 68
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 69
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 70
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - - Durability
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 72
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 73
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 74
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 75
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #33 - June 2007 - 76
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