JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 32
resin
One of the early challenges was to develop polyurethane systems with low viscosities and long gel times. Two systems were developed which allowed low viscosities over a long period of time to enable the infusion of large parts. One is a polyurethane system based on traditional polyether polyols, and the other is based in part on a soy-based polyol. The viscosity rise over time of the two polyurethanes systems was compared with that of the epoxy and vinyl esters currently used in wind turbine manufacturing. They are shown in Figure 5. The results show the polyurethane system, and to a lesser extent the polyurethane soy, have lower viscosities for the first 30 minutes of infusion, with a marked drop in viscosity following mixing due to reduction in H-bonding,
which explains the faster infusion rates through glass and carbon fibres. Neat resin properties The neat resin panels were made from the leftover resin supply of the VARTM infusion in 20.3 x 20.3 cm open top moulds. All panels were oven-cured at 80°C for 2 hours and then post-cured at the same temperature for 6 hours. For the shrinkage data, the resins were cast in a 15.2 x 22.9 cm open top mould to an average thickness of 1.27 cm. These panels were cured in the same manner as above. For flexural properties, the ASTM D790 testing protocol was used and for tensile properties, ASTM D 638 was used. Shrinkage data was obtained using digital callipers. Results are shown in Table 1. What the material testing shows is that while the vinyl ester neat resin is the higher in both flexural and tensile modulus, its elongation value is far below the others, making it less resistant to impact than the commonly used epoxy resin. The strength advantage of vinyl ester disappears in the fibrereinforced structures as is described later. One pro-
Fig. 6: Linear shrinkage of neat resins
perty where polyurethane shows superior performance to either epoxy or vinyl ester is its low shrinkage shown in Figure 6. This allows the polyurethane to undergo fast-temperature cure without the danger of cracking. Fatigue Fatigue performance of three materials – epoxy, vinyl ester and polyurethane – was tested in accordance to the method described in the experimental section. Pictures of test specimens before and after failure are shown in Figures 7 (a) and (b). The results in Table 2 and in Figure 8 (next page) show how at any given stress the polyurethane composite samples outlast both epoxy and vinyl ester composite as shown by the number of cycles.
Fig. 5: Viscosity rise over time of the neat resins
32 jec composites magazine / No70 January - February 2012
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012
Cover
Edito
Point of view: Lanxess, the only fully integrated producer of glass reinforced thermoplastic
Contents
Agenda of Events
COMPANY & BUSINESS
- In Brief - Hexcel to commission two new carbon fibre production lines
- Core materials - Celebrating 25 years of ideas
- Fabrics - Diatex, a generation of growth
APPLICATIONS
- Motorbike - Brammo Empulse uses prepreg to drop weight
- Automotive - A revolution e-mobile concept car
- Automotive - Composite manufacturing simulation to drive process and design innovation
- Housing - A school made entirely of composites for 200 children
MARKET
- Wind - Double-digit growth for global wind O&M market
- China - «Companies with weak R&D capabilities will find it difficult to survive in the future»
- Certification - Rescoll qualified by Airbus for tests on composites
- Human ressources - CEO, designing strategy and corporate vision
FEATURE WIND ENERGY
- Resin - Polyurethane composites for wind turbine blades
- Prepreg - New best-in-class 10-kW wind turbine
- Trend - Composites in wind energy
- Design - Innovative design attempts for large-scale wind turbine blades
- Offshore - Vertiwind and Winflo, two projects for floating offshore wind turbines
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
- Thermoplastics - Study of metal replacement with poly-etherimide/carbon fibre compounds in air-craft food tray arms
- Welding - Optimizing ultrasonic welding of carbon fibrereinforced polyetherimide
TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATIONS
- Innovation
- NDT - Health monitoring assessment and non-destructive inspection of composite structures for surface transport applications
- Manufacturing - Composites are the materials for the future
Index
In the world
Asia: 4 conferences
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - Cover
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 2
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - Edito
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - Point of view: Lanxess, the only fully integrated producer of glass reinforced thermoplastic
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 5
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - Contents
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 7
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - Agenda of Events
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - Ad1
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - Ad2
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - In Brief - Hexcel to commission two new carbon fibre production lines
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Core materials - Celebrating 25 years of ideas
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 11
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Fabrics - Diatex, a generation of growth
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Motorbike - Brammo Empulse uses prepreg to drop weight
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Automotive - A revolution e-mobile concept car
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 15
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Automotive - Composite manufacturing simulation to drive process and design innovation
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Housing - A school made entirely of composites for 200 children
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 18
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Wind - Double-digit growth for global wind O&M market
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 20
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - China - «Companies with weak R&D capabilities will find it difficult to survive in the future»
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 22
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 23
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Certification - Rescoll qualified by Airbus for tests on composites
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Human ressources - CEO, designing strategy and corporate vision
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 26
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 27
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 28
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Resin - Polyurethane composites for wind turbine blades
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 30
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 31
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 32
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 33
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 34
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Prepreg - New best-in-class 10-kW wind turbine
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Trend - Composites in wind energy
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 37
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 38
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Design - Innovative design attempts for large-scale wind turbine blades
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 40
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 41
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 42
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 43
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 44
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 45
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Offshore - Vertiwind and Winflo, two projects for floating offshore wind turbines
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 47
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Thermoplastics - Study of metal replacement with poly-etherimide/carbon fibre compounds in air-craft food tray arms
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 49
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 50
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 51
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 52
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 53
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Welding - Optimizing ultrasonic welding of carbon fibrereinforced polyetherimide
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 55
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 56
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 57
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 58
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Innovation
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - NDT - Health monitoring assessment and non-destructive inspection of composite structures for surface transport applications
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 61
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 62
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 63
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - - Manufacturing - Composites are the materials for the future
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - Index
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - In the world
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - Asia: 4 conferences
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 68
JEC COMPOSITES MAGAZINE - Issue #70 - January/February 2012 - 69
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