Patient Care Neurology & Psychiatry - November 2007 - (Page 25)

Specific phobias I recent human studies raise questions about the effectiveness and durability of D-cycloserine augmentation.36,37 Despite these intriguing findings, no clinical protocols for use of D-cycloserine have been published. ioral specialist. Referral may be indicated when the initial assessment is unclear or when self-conducted treatment for a phobia is insufficient. I This article was contributed by Drs Shearer and Dwyer and edited by Peter D’Epiro, PhD. Drs Shearer and Dwyer disclose that they have no financial relationship with any manufacturer in this area of medicine. 22. Newman MG, Erickson T, Przeworski A, et al. Self-help and minimal-contact therapies for anxiety disorders: is human contact necessary for therapeutic efficacy? J Clin Psychol. 2003;59:251-274. 23. Jorm AF, Christensen H, Griffiths KM, et al. Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for anxiety disorders. Med J Aust. 2004; 181:S29-S46. 24. Veltman DJ, Tuinebreijer WE, Winkelman D, et al. Neurophysiological correlates of habituation during exposure in spider phobia. Psychiatry Res. 2004;132:149-158. 25. Paquette V, Levesque J, Mensour B, et al. “Change the mind and you change the brain”: effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the neural correlates of spider phobia. Neuroimage. 2003;18:401-409. 26. Knight DC, Smith CN, Cheng DT, et al. Amygdala and hippocampal activity during acquisition and extinction of human fear conditioning. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2004;4:317-325. 27. Straube T, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WH. Neural mechanisms of automatic and direct processing of phobogenic stimuli in specific phobia. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:162-170. 28. Ost LG, Fellenius J, Sterner U. Applied tension, exposure in vivo, and tension-only in the treatment of blood phobia. Behav Res Ther. 1991;29: 561-574. 29. Muris P, Merckelbach H. How serious are common childhood fears? II. The parent’s point of view. Behav Res Ther. 2000;38:813-818. 30. Ost LG, Svensson L, Hellstrom K, et al. One-session treatment of specific phobias in youths: a randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001;69:814-824. 31. Wilhelm FH, Roth WT. Acute and delayed effects of alprazolam on flight phobics during exposure. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35:831-841. 32. Benjamin J, Ben-Zion IZ, Karbofsky E, et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of paroxetine for specific phobia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000;49:194-196. 33. Hofmann SG, Pollack MH, Otto MW. Augmentation treatment of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders with d-cycloserine. CNS Drug Rev. 2006;12:208-217. 34. Ressler KJ, Rothbaum BO, Tannenbaum L, et al. Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:1136-1144. 35. Hofmann SG, Meuret AE, Smits JA, et al. Augmentation of exposure therapy with D-cycloserine for social anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:298-304. 36. Guastella AJ, Dadds MR, Lovibond PF, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of d-cycloserine on exposure therapy for spider fear. J Psychiatr Res. 2007;41:466-471. 37. Guastella AJ, Lovibond PF, Dadds MR, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of d-cycloserine on extinction and fear conditioning in humans. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45:663-672. Referral Primary care physicians should consider referring certain phobic patients to a skilled cognitive behavREFERENCES 1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. 2. Zimmerman M, Chelminski I, Young D. On the threshold of disorder: a study of the impact of the DSM-IV clinical significance criterion on diagnosing depressive and anxiety disorders in clinical practice. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:1400-1405. 3. Chavira DA, Stein MB, Bailey K, et al. Child anxiety in primary care: prevalent but untreated. Depress Anxiety. 2004;20:155-164. 4. Cohen CI, Magai C, Yafee R, et al. The prevalence of phobia and its associated factors in a multiracial aging urban population. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14:507-514. 5. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-ofonset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:593-602. 6. Curtis GC, Magee WJ, Eaton WW, et al. Specific fears and phobias: epidemiology and classification. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;173:212-217. 7. Chapman TF, Fyer AJ, Mannuzza S, et al. A comparison of treated and untreated simple phobia. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:816-818. 8. Mollema ED, Snoek FJ, Ader HJ, et al. Insulin-treated diabetes patients with fear of self-injecting or fear of self-testing: psychological comorbidity and general well-being. J Psychosom Res. 2001;51:665-672. 9. Antony MM, Barlow DH. Specific phobias. In DH Barlow (ed). Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002. 10. Hettema JM, Annas P, Neale MC, et al. A twin study of the genetics of fear conditioning. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:702-708. 11. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. Fears and phobias: reliability and heritability. Psychol Med. 1999;29:539-553. 12. Kendler KS, Myers J, Prescott CA. The etiology of phobias: an evaluation of the stress-diathesis model. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:242-248. 13. Milad MR, Quinn BT, Pitman RK, et al. Thickness of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in humans is correlated with extinction memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:10706-10711. 14. Heinz A, Smolka MN, Braus DF, et al. Serotonin transporter genotype (5HTTLPR): effects of neutral and undefined conditions on amygdala activation. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61:1011-1014. 15. Magee WJ. Effects of negative life experiences on phobia onset. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1999;34:343-351. 16. Antony MM, Orsillo SM, Roemer L. Practitioner’s Guide to Empirically Based Measures of Anxiety. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2001. 17. Milad MR, Rauch SL, Pitman RK, et al. Fear extinction in rats: implications for human brain imaging and anxiety disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;73:61-71. 18. Silverman WK, Moreno J. Specific phobia. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am. 2005;14:819-843. 19. Choy Y, Fyer AJ, Lipsitz JD. Treatment of specific phobia in adults. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27:266-286. 20. Rentz TO, Powers MB, Smits JA, et al. Active-imaginal exposure: examination of a new behavioral treatment for cynophobia (dog phobia). Behav Res Ther. 2003;41:1337-1353. 21. Park JM, Mataix-Cols D, Marks IM, et al. Two-year follow-up after a randomised controlled trial of self- and clinician-accompanied exposure for phobia/panic disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:543-548. www.patientcareonline.com Visit our Web site for ® Click-through links to the Internet resources listed in these pages NOVEMBER 2007 PATIENT CARE NEUROLOGY & PSYCHIATRY 25 http://www.patientcareonline.com

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Patient Care Neurology & Psychiatry - November 2007 Contents Research Digest Medicine in the News The 15-Minute Visit Dementia workup and treatment: Do the drugs really work? Help for Your Patients Who Suffer from Specific Phobias Clinical Clips Case & Comment The Science of Healing Classified Advertising

Patient Care Neurology & Psychiatry - November 2007

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