Veterinary Medicine - January 2009 - (Page 26)

Anesthesia techniques PEER-REVIEWED TABLE 2 Local Anesthetics and Their Physical, Chemical, and Pharmacodynamic Properties* Maximum Dosage Without Epinephrine (mg/kg) Toxic Dosage (mg/kg) Onset of Motor and Sensory Blockade (minutes) Duration of Motor and Sensory Blockade (minutes) Local Anesthetic (Trade Name) Amide-linked Articaine Bupivacaine 0.25%–0.5% (Marcaine) Etidocaine 0.5%–0.75% (Duranest) Lidocaine 0.5%–2% (Xylocaine) Mepivacaine 1%–2% (Carbocaine) Ropivacaine 0.5% (LEA 103, Naropin) Ester-linked Chloroprocaine 1%–1.5% (Nesacaine) Procaine 1%–2% (Novocaine) 4 (dogs); 3 (cats) 3 (dogs); 2 (cats) 3 (dogs); 2 (cats) 8 (dogs); 6 (cats) 5 (dogs); 4 (cats) 3 (dogs); 2 (cats) 6 3.5–11 4.5–20 10 (dogs); 8 (cats) 25 4.9 5–10 20–30 5–10 10–15 5–10 5–15 30–45 150–360 120–360 60–120 90–180 150–360 6 6 — 36–100 7–15 10–15 30–60 45–60 *Sources: Scarda RT, Tranquilli WJ. Local anesthetics; Local and regional anesthesia and analgesia: dogs; Local and regional anesthesia and analgesia: cats. In: Lumb and Jones’ veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. 4th ed. Tranquilli WJ, Thurmon JC, Grimm KA, eds. Iowa, Ames: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007 and Lemke KA. Pain management II: local and regional anaesthetic techniques. In: Seymour C, Duke-Novakovski T, eds. BSAVA manual of canine and feline anaesthesia and analgesia. 2nd ed. Gloucester, UK: British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 2007;104-114. TABLE 3 Types of Neurons Blocked with Local Anesthetics* Neuron Type A alpha A beta A gamma A delta B Function Motor—skeletal muscle Sensory—touch, pressure Motor—muscle spindles; proprioception Fast pain, temperature Autonomic, preganglionic sympathetic Slow pain, postganglionic sympathetic, polymodal nociceptors Myelination Myelinated Myelinated Myelinated Myelinated Myelinated Unmyelinated Order of Blockade Fifth Fourth Third Second First Signs of Blockade Loss of motor function Loss of sensation to touch and pressure Loss of proprioception Pain relief, loss of temperature sensation Increased skin temperature Pain relief, loss of temperature sensation C Second *Source: Scarda RT, Tranquilli WJ. Local anesthetics; Local and regional anesthesia and analgesia: dogs; Local and regional anesthesia and analgesia: cats. In: Lumb and Jones’ veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. 4th ed. Tranquilli WJ, Thurmon JC, Grimm KA, eds. Iowa, Ames: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007. 26 January 2009 VETERINARY MEDICINE

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Veterinary Medicine - January 2009 Contents Leading Off Letters Research Updates Idea Exchange A Modified Subconjunctival Enucleation Technique in Dogs and Cats Local and Regional Anesthesia Techniques Author Guidelines Product Preview CE Form/Advertiser Index Marketplace/Classifieds Mind Over Miller

Veterinary Medicine - January 2009

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