Veterinary Medicine - February 2008 - (Page 90) ClinQuiz A NS W ERS Leishmania species in other areas of the world, including most of Latin America.11 Sandfly transmission of Leishmania species is not thought to commonly occur in the United States. C—Incorrect. While it is theoretically possible for Leishmania species infection to be transmitted from a person to a dog after subinoculation of organisms, such as with a needle-stick accident, the likelihood of this occurring is low. However, dogs are considered the primary reservoir host of Leishmania species in endemic areas where sandflies are the primary means of transmission.11 host, creating visceral or ocular larva migrans. However, ascarid larvae do not directly penetrate the skin or cause migrating cutaneous lesions in infected individuals. C—Incorrect. The role of T. vulpis as a zoonotic parasite is not fully understood, but some case reports involving infections in people, including ones with visceral larva migrans, are available.15,16 However, T. vulpis larvae do not penetrate or migrate in the skin; instead, infection occurs after ingestion of larvated eggs. REFERENCES 1. Gavin PJ, Kazacos KR, Shulman ST. Baylisascariasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005;18:703-718. 2. Bowman DD. Helminths. In: Georgis’ parasitology for veterinarians. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co, 2002;115-243. 3. Rudmann DG, Kazacos KR, Storandt ST, et al. Baylisascaris procyonis larva migrans in a puppy: a case report and update for the veterinarian. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1996;32:73-76. 4. Barr SC, Bowman DD, Heller RL. Ef cacy of fenbendazole against giardiasis in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1994;55:988-990. 5. Zajac AM, LaBranche TP, Donoghue AR, et al. Ef cacy of fenbendazole in the treatment of experimental Giardia infection in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1998;59:61-63. 6. Payne PA, Ridley RK, Dryden MW, et al. Ef cacy of a combination febantel-praziquantel-pyrantel product, with or without vaccination with a commercial Giardia vaccine, for treatment of dogs with naturally occurring giardiasis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:330-333. 7. Barr SC, Bowman DD, Frongillo MF, et al. Efficacy of a drug combination of praziquantel, pyrantel pamoate, and febantel against giardiasis in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1134-1136. 8. Stokol T, Randolph JF, Nachbar S, et al. Development of bone marrow toxicosis after albendazole administration in a dog and cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1753-1756. 9. Meyer EK. Adverse events associated with albendazole and other products used for treatment of giardiasis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:44-46. 10. Blagburn BL. Current recognition, control, and prevention of protozoan parasites affecting dogs and cats, in Proceedings. West Vet Conf 2003. 11. Baneth G, Day M, Roura X, et al. Leishmaniosis. In: Shaw S, Day M, eds. Arthropod-borne infectious diseases of the dog and cat. Baltimore, Md: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2005;89-99. 12. Brenner MA, Patel MB. Cutaneous larva migrans: the creeping eruption. Cutis 2003;72:111-115. 13. Croese J, Loukas A, Opdebeeck J, et al. Human enteric infection with canine hookworms. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:369-374. 14. Theodoridis I, Frydas S, Papazahariadou M, et al. Toxocarosis as zoonosis. A review of literature and the prevalence of Toxocara canis antibodies in 511 serum samples. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2001;14:17-23. 15. Dunn JJ, Columbus ST, Aldeen WE, et al. Trichuris vulpis recovered from a patient with chronic diarrhea and ve dogs. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:2703-2704. 16. Masuda Y, Kishimoto T, Ito H, et al. Visceral larva migrans caused by Trichuris vulpis presenting as a pulmonary mass. Thorax 1987;42:990-991. 5) A—Correct. Hookworms, including A. caninum and Ancylostoma braziliense, can cause cutaneous larva migrans in people. Lesions result from the third-stage larvae penetrating the skin after direct contact with a fecalcontaminated environment. The larvae migrate in the skin, creating inflammation and pruritus.12 In most cases, the inflammatory reaction limits the infection to the skin, but A. caninum adults have been recovered endoscopically from the small intestines of people with eosinophilic enteritis, and presumably, these infections occurred from ingestion or skin penetration of larvae from an environment contaminated with feces from infected dogs.13 A routine fecal examination reveals the eggs in infected dogs, and several effective treatments and monthly preventives are available to keep dogs free of hookworms. B—Incorrect. Toxocara canis is an important zoonotic parasite.14 When a child ingests larvated eggs, immature ascarids will migrate in the aberrant 90 February 2008 VETERINARY MEDICINE
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