American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2017 - 36

SpecialReport: Industry In Motion
tection depends on the tool configuration
and the contrast between near- and farformation velocities.
For the tool used in the Wolfcamp
well, the depth of investigation was twothree feet when the borehole was located
in the mudstone (slow) formation near
the carbonate (fast) formation, and onetwo feet when the borehole was located
in the carbonate (fast) formation with a
mudstone (slow) formation nearby.
Some directionality can be detected
by looking separately at the waveforms
from each azimuthal receiver array (A,

B, C and D). The tool used in this case
study stores the waveforms from each
receiver array separately, and the quadrant
sensitivity of the up, down, left and right
individual receiver arrays makes it possible
to determine which bed the wellbore is
located in and which bed is nearby.
Shear Slowness
Determining shear slowness for each
bed can be more challenging. In the presence of VTI anisotropy, compressional
slowness for a bed will not vary azimuthally, but shear slowness will polarize

FIGURE 3
Wellbore Straddling Shale Above and Limestone Below

in the presence of anisotropy. In the case
of a VTI shale with layering approximately
parallel to the wellbore, this means vertical
shear will be significantly slower than
horizontal shear.
If the wellbore is located fully within
a shale, several feet from a carbonate
bed, shear processing is relatively straight
forward. However, if the wellbore is
closer than five feet from a nearby bed,
the low-frequency dipole flexural waves
will be influenced by both near- and farformation properties. To see two discrete
arrivals (from the near and far formations),
the far bed should be approximately one
wavelength away. For compressional, this
distance is usually in the neighborhood
of 12-18 inches. For modern wireline
crossed-dipole source, the flexural wavelength is on the order of five-six feet.
Figure 2 illustrates the difficulties
faced in determining the correct shear
velocities for each formation in the vicinity
of a nearby bed. The azimuthal compressional image in the third track shows that
the zone starts in the shale, dips into a
carbonate and then moves back up to the
shale, which means much of this interval
was drilled very close to the boundary of
two beds.
Track four shows the monopole semblance, with the two (and sometimes
three) shear arrivals visible at each depth
overlaid with the XX (vertical) and YY
(horizontal) flexural waves. The dark
green curve is the compressional slowness
of the bed in which the wellbore is
(mostly) located. The maroon curve shows
the horizontal shear, the magenta curve
shows the vertical shear, and the cyan
curve is the monopole shear. When compressional slowness is uniform around
the tool (no nearby beds within range),
the dipole results overlay the monopole
shear. However, when the compressional
shows nearby beds within range, the flexural waves see a mix of near and far beds
and the dipole and monopole shear results
do not correlate.
First Workflow Step
The workflow used on the Delaware
Basin Wolfcamp well is focused on determining the compressional, vertical
shear and horizontal shear velocities that
most influence the geomechanics model
at each depth along the lateral. The first

36 THE AMERICAN OIL & GAS REPORTER



American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2017

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of American Oil and Gas Reporter - November 2017

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