ASHRAE Insights - April 2009 - (Page P10) entire condensate production could be applied to reduce the cooling tower makeup demand by an estimated 16%. Electrical billing information from Austin Energy is used to analyze changes in energy use by the predetermined building characteristics for the time periods associated with building construction under adopted energy codes. 0.003 inch) significantly improved the frictional performance between the scroll crankcase and orbiting scroll. ASHRAE Insights April 2009 indoor air quality in hospitality venues where smoking is allowed. We have reviewed the literature available about effective mechanical ventilation and tobacco smoke and have found that very few studies purporting to establish the effect of ventilation on tobacco smoke in hospitality venues have actually measured and quantified ventilation parameters. In fact, many of these studies have not measured and quantified indoor air quality or tobacco smoke. Further although there are a few studies that have measured and reported ventilation, indoor air quality and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) parameters, most of the hospitality venues included in these studies do not have effective ventilation systems. Delivering Sustainability Promise to HVAC Air Filtration (LO-09-055) Christine Sun, Member; Dan Woodman, Freudenberg Filtration Technologies, L.P Hop., kinsville, KY How should we deliver such sustainability promises to air filtration in HVAC systems? There is a growing demand from end users and filter manufactures to classify the air filters not only by particulate removal efficiency, but also by energy efficiency. In this paper, two methods were introduced to classify filters’ energy efficiency: key energy performance (kep) number and wattage. Four different models were applied to calculate the average pressure drop vs. dust loading as it is a critical variable to the energy efficiency. A new exponential model proposed in this research shows excellent consistency to experimental data of pressure drop during the dust loading process of ASHRAE 52.2 full test. Energy Conservation Effects of Heat Source Systems for Business Use by Advanced Centrifugal Chillers (LO-09-060) Experimental Measurement and Uncertainty Analysis on the Energy Performance of a Chilled Water Cooling Coil (LO-09-064) Demand Shifting with Thermal Mass in Light and Heavy Mass Commercial Buildings (LO-09-056) Peng Xu, Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA The potential for utilizing building thermal mass for load shifting and peak demand reduction has been demonstrated in a number of simulation, laboratory and field studies. This project studied the potential of pre-cooling and demand limiting in a heavy mass and a light mass building in the Bay Area of California. The conclusion of the work to date is that precooling has the potential to improve the demand responsiveness of commercial buildings while maintaining acceptable comfort conditions. Results indicate that pre-cooling increases the depth (kW) and duration (kWh) of the shed capacity of a given building, all other factors being equal. Kenji Ueda, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Takasago, Japan; Yoshie Togano; Yoshiyuki Shimoda, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan The COP of the latest fixed-speed centrifugal chiller is more than 6.4 and that of the latest variable-speed centrifugal chiller driven by an inverter reaches a 21.9 COP Many energy . conservation studies have been conducted on industrial heat source systems in Japan. But there have been few reports on the heat source systems for business use. This paper suggests an operation method for the latest fixed-speed and variable-speed chillers based on those unique high-performance characteristics. High-performance data based on actual measurements are used to evaluate the energy conservation. In addition, this paper provides a new planning and operating method for a whole heat source system, including a new estimation method of cooling tower performance. High-performance data based on actual measurements are used to evaluate the energy conservation. In addition, this paper provides a new planning and operating method for a whole heat source system, including a new estimation method of cooling tower performance, which is a very important element. Ryan D. Warren, Student Member; Rahul L. Navale, Student Member; Ron M. Nelson, Member; Curtis J. Klaassen, Member, Iowa State University, Ames, IA In this study, an energy balance and uncertainty analysis was performed on a standard chilled water cooling coil mounted in a commercial air handling unit operating under typical conditions with a conventional PID loop control. Two different sets of relative humidity transmitters and temperature sensors (high and low accuracy) were evaluated for measuring relative humidity and temperature of the moist air entering and exiting a cooling coil. The impact of the different errors in these sensors and installation on the uncertainty in the energy calculation is presented. This study gives insight to how an energy balance test coupled with an uncertainty analysis could be used to verify the cooling coil system performance and instrumentation output. Frost Accumulation Control on an Upward-Facing Horizontal Flat Plate Using Electric Field (LO-09-069) Experimental Measurements of a RunAround Membrane Energy Exchanger (Ra.m.EE) with Comparison to a Numerical Model (LO-09-065) Evaluating the Ability of Unitary Equipment to Maintain Adequate Space Humidity Levels (RP-1254)(LO-09-061) Dynalene/Water Correlations to be Used for Condensation of CO2 in Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers (RP-1394) (LO-09-057) Niel Hayes, Student Member; Amir Jokar, Ph.D., Member, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA Experimental study of condensation of carbon dioxide in brazed plate heat exchangers is the main objective of this research project. However, it is essential to characterize the single-phase flow through these mini-channel heat exchangers in order to analyze and formulate the two-phase flow. In this manuscript, the open literature on the subject is reviewed first, the facility for testing the entire system is then described, and the initial results on the single-phase flow are presented at the end. Three brazed plate heat exchangers with different interior configurations, each consisting of three channels, are considered and tested in this study. Michael Witte, Member; Robert Henninger, GARD Analytics, Inc., Arlington Heights, IL This paper provides an overview of the results of ASHRAE Research Project RP-1254, Evaluating the Ability of Unitary Equipment to Maintain Adequate Space Humidity Levels; Phase II: Simulations, Summary and Development of Guidelines. Whole-building energy simulations were used to perform a parametric analysis of 18 HVAC system types in seven commercial building types using two sets of ventilation rates (ASHRAE Standards 62-2001 and 62.1-2004) in 10 locations. The system types included single-path and dual-path direct expansion (DX) with and without enhancements such as enthalpy wheel, demand controlled ventilation, desiccant dehumidifier, subcool reheat, hot gas reheat, and air-to-air heat exchangers around the cooling coil. The relative performance of each system type is compared on the basis of humidity control (occupied hours >65% RH) and annual energy use, including heating energy. Blake Erb, Member; Mehran S. Ahmadi; Carey Simonson, Ph.D., P .Eng., Member; Robert Besant, P .Eng., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada In this paper, the experimental testing of a run-around membrane energy exchanger (Ra.m.EE) is considered and data are compared to numerical simulations. The effects on the performance of the system due to different exchanger sizes, liquid and air flow rates, external heat gains/losses and desiccant concentrations are considered in detail. Also studied is the transient response of the system during both initial start-up and due to changes in the outdoor air conditions. Luca Molinaroli, Ph.D., Affiliate; Cesare Joppolo, Member, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Milano, Italy The paper discusses the results of an experimental study carried out to investigate the influence of a DC electric field on frost formation and accumulation on an upward-facing flat plate. An experimental setup was built to investigate the influence of the electric field intensity and uniformity on frost mass accumulated on the flat surface and to analyze its dependence on cold surface temperature, air velocity and test duration under an electric field. The results show that the electric field allows reducing the frost mass accumulated on flat plate surface up to a value of 26% while the power required to maintain the electric field is quite low. Functional Exergy Efficiency at Near-Environmental Temperatures (LO-09-070) Feasibility Study of Hybrid Wheel Desiccant Dehumidification Cooling Systems in Malaysia (LO-09-066) Salman Khosraiv, University of Malaya, Malaya,Malaysia HVAC with wheel desiccant dehumidification (WDD) with a low ambient impact is more efficient system compare to the traditional systems. Hybrid desiccant cooling systems (HDCS) can be used to control indoor air quality (temperature and humidity) in commercial and industrial buildings. Results increasingly show stringent guidelines for outdoor ventilation rate. This study presents important variables analysis for different areas in Malaysia. The correlation shows that a high potentiality exists for using hybrid desiccant systems in all areas of Malaysia. Moreover the corresponding electricity saving would be considerable. Elisa Boelman, Ph.D.; Poppong Sakulpipatsin, Ph.D.; Hedzer Van der Kooi, Ph.D.; Laure Itard, Ph.D., Member; Peter Luscuere, Ph.D., P .Eng., Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan, Delft, Netherlands This paper discusses how exergy efficiency can help generate insight into effective and ineffective temperature combinations for heat exchange at near-environmental http://www.ashrae.org/louisville
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