Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 94

dehumidification performance of conventional systems by decreasing the indoor temperature set point to ensure that the unit runs long enough to dehumidify the space. This, in turn, increases the sensible loads because it increases the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor air. Furthermore, under this condition, the conventional unit provides negligible sensible cooling and very inefficient latent cooling, e.g., EERs of approximately 3 to 4.8 As a result, desiccant systems can realize significant savings under these conditions. Liquid desiccant systems can also use lower-temperature waste heat from distributed generation (microturbines, internal combustion engines, fuel cells, etc.) sources, district heating systems, and solar thermal energy to regenerate the desiccant. If this heat is of sufficient quality, e.g., single-effect systems require temperatures of approximately 160°F – 180°F (70°C – 80°C) for single-effect and 245°F – 320°F (120°C – 160°C) for double-effect,3,6,9 it can dramatically improve the economics and energy savings of liquid desiccant AC. Conversely, using the waste heat to drive a single- or doubleeffect absorption chiller usually enables significantly greater use of waste heat than desiccant regeneration alone, because absorption systems can meet both latent and sensible loads. Furthermore, some sources of waste heat, such as microturbines, provide waste heat at temperatures that are too high for direct desiccant regeneration. In this case, the higher-quality heat sources require dilution to drive the desiccant system. In practice, its higher quality heat could often be more productively used to drive an absorption cooling cycle.3 Market Factors Liquid desiccant systems can improve humidity management relative to conventional systems. Because the liquid desiccant removes moisture without cooling the air to saturation, the supply air relative humidity falls below 70%. This keeps supply ducts dry and helps avoid mold and bacterial growth. In addition, the scavenging action of liquid desiccant systems could improve indoor air quality by removing airborne contaminants.2,4 To date, liquid desiccant systems have achieved limited use in commercial buildings due to their higher energy costs (discussed earler) and first cost, as well as corrosion and liquid carryover challenges. The cost premium of liquid desiccant AC units remains significant. For example, one group working on advanced liquid desiccant systems projects that a liquid desiccant-based DOAS will cost approximately 65% more than a DOAS using conventional vapor-compression technology.1 Although the liquid desiccant system might be more attractive in applications with abundant, low-cost waste heat, such a sizeable first-cost premium would likely severely limit its market penetration. Many developmental and deployed systems use LiCl, which corrodes most metals and, thus, requires design modifications to avoid corrosion.2,7 In addition, some of desiccant can carry over, i.e., the process air can entrain liquid-desiccant aerosols as it passes through the packed bed and desiccant spray. This can corrode system components downstream of the absorber such as ducts and coils, and, potentially, cause health concerns.2,4 Both challenges have been—and remain—the focus of appreciable development efforts. Developers have worked on and manufacturers have commercialized products that use plastic (and, in at least one instance, cellulose) components that resist LiCl corrosion. One solution is to use microporous membranes that allow the migration of water but prevent the migration of the desiccant into the airflow.2 Another is to use special surfaces designed to form a thin film of desiccant that directly contacts the supply and regeneration airflows. By ensuring that the system operates in a regime where the desiccant and airflows do not form droplets, the developers claim to eliminate desiccant carryover.1,2 Several researchers have investigated using solar thermal energy to regenerate desiccants systems. Liquid desiccants can be regenerated by heat at temperatures achieved by flat-plate solar collectors under peak insolation conditions (i.e., around 1,000 W/m2 [317 Btu/h·ft2·°F]). At this peak condition, the flat-plate collectors have an efficiency of about 50% to 60% and cooling systems have thermal COPs (i.e., not including parasitics) of about 0.8. Both cooling capacity and efficiency will decrease as insolation decreases, however, necessitating a backup heat source to supplement and replace the solar thermal ashrae.org October 2008 • BIODEGRADABLE • BIODEGRADABLE • BIODEGRADABLE • BIODEGRADABLE • BIODEGRADABLE • BIODEGRADABLE • BIODEGRADABLE BIODEGRADABLE • BIODEGRADABLE • BIODEGRADABLE • BIODEGRADABLE • Boilers • Chillers World’s Leading Biodegradable Descaler ® • Condensers • Cooling Towers • Heat Exchangers • All Other Water Operated Equipment SAFE CHEMICAL CLEANING RYDLYME is specifically designed to dissolve the toughest water scale, lime, mud, and rust deposits from water-based equipment. This powerful, yet totally safe, liquid is non-hazardous, non-corrosive, and biodegradable; so RYDLYME will not harm your personnel, equipment, or our environment! 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Ashrae Journal - October 2008

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Ashrae Journal - October 2008

Ashrae Journal - October 2008
Contents

Commentary
Industry News
Letters
ASHRAE HQ Dedication Booklet
ASHRAE Rebuilds HQ to Reflect Mission
Feature Articles
ASHRAE's Living Lab
Meetings and Shows
Sizing Pipe Using Life-Cycle Costs
Feature Articles
Energy-Efficient Data Centers: A Close-Coupled Row Solution
The Future of 90.1
Ventilation Standard for Health Care Facilities
Grosvenor Humidity Chart
ASHRAE Research Report
ASHRAE Honor Roll
Building Sciences
Special Products
Emerging Technologies
Product Showplace
Classified Advertisting
Advertising Index
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Ashrae Journal - October 2008
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Cover2
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 1
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 2
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 -
Contents

Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 4
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Commentary
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Industry News
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 7
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Letters
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - ASHRAE HQ Dedication Booklet
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ2
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ3
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ4
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ5
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ6
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ7
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ8
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ9
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ10
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ11
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ12
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ13
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ14
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ15
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ16
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ17
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ18
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ19
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - HQ20
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 9
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Feature Articles
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 11
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - ASHRAE's Living Lab
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 13
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 14
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 15
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 16
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 17
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 18
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 19
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 20
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 21
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Meetings and Shows
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 23
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Feature Articles
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 25
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 26
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 27
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 28
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 29
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 30
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 31
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 32
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 33
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Energy-Efficient Data Centers: A Close-Coupled Row Solution
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 35
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 36
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 37
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 38
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 39
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 40
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - B1
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - B2
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 41
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 42
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 43
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - The Future of 90.1
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 45
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 46
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 47
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 48
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - BRC1
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - BRC2
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 49
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 50
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 51
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Ventilation Standard for Health Care Facilities
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 53
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 54
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 55
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 56
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 57
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 58
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 59
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Grosvenor Humidity Chart
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 61
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 62
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 63
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 64
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 65
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 66
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 67
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 68
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - ASHRAE Research Report
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 70
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 71
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 72
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 73
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 74
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 75
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 76
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 77
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 78
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 79
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 80
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - ASHRAE Honor Roll
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H2
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H3
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H4
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H5
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H6
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H7
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H8
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H9
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H10
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H11
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H12
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H13
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H14
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H15
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H16
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H17
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H18
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H19
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H20
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H21
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H22
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H23
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H24
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H25
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H26
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H27
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H28
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H29
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H30
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H31
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - H32
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 81
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Building Sciences
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 83
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 84
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 85
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 86
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 87
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 88
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - AP1
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - AP2
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - AP3
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - AP4
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Special Products
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Emerging Technologies
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 91
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 92
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 93
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 94
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 95
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Product Showplace
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 97
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 98
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 99
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 100
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Classified Advertisting
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 102
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - 103
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Advertising Index
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Cover3
Ashrae Journal - October 2008 - Cover4
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