ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 21

Pipe Insulation 2.0 1.8 1.6 Total Heat Gain, kW 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 –25 (–13) Experimental Versus Calculated Heat Gain Results 160 Total Heat Gain, kBtu/Day 140 120 100 80 TAMB, houtside TFLUID, hinside Total Heat Gain – Calculated Total Heat Gain – Measured 60 40 20 0 –13 (8.6) –23 (–9.4) –21 –(5.8) –19 (–2.2) –17 (1.4) –15 (5) di do da Liquid Supply Temperature, °C (°F) Figure 2: Heat gain calculation verification. Figure 1. Distribution piping heat transfer. To verify that the heat gain calculation method was appropriately applied, measurements were made on an existing 22 kW (75 kBtu/h) experimental low-temperature CO2 cascade system installed in the laboratory. System piping included several supply and return lines installed in a loop-style network in the same manner as installations in the field, and consisted of copper piping from 3/8 in. to 1 5/8 in. outside diameter (9 to 41 mm), insulated with 1 in. thick (25 mm) closed cell elastomeric foam and in lengths from 12 to 30 m (40 to 100 ft.). Several conditions were tested at various temperatures and measurements were made on the supply and return lines of the system. Pressure and temperature were measured at the entrance and exit of each supply and return line using calibrated Low-Temperature HFC DX Baseline Condenser thermocouples and pressure transducers, and fluid mass flow rate measurements were made using a coreolis meter. Figure 2 shows the calculated and measured total heat gain into the supply and return distribution piping based on the methodology outlined previously. The calculations show good agreement with the measured values with a maximum difference of 7%. With the methodology established, an analysis of a typical supermarket was carried out to quantify the differences in the heat gain into the distribution piping network for a variety of system types. A representative fixture plan was selected on which to base the analysis. Figure 4 shows the general layout of the 3600 m2 (39,000 ft2) store with the medium-temperature loads shown in green, and the low-temperature loads under investigation shown in blue. Low-temperature system types under consideration for the analysis included: • Low-temperature HFC direct expansion system with two suction groups (existing system); Low-Temperature CO2 DX Cascade Condenser Low-Temperature CO2 Secondary Condenser Receiver Receiver Receiver Medium-Temp. HFC Comp. SLHE EEV EEV Cascade HX Subcooler LowTemp. HFC Comp. Subcooler Low-Temp. HFC Comp. Condenser Evaporator SLHE Low-Temperature Loads Separator Low-Temp. Loads CO2 Pump SLHE EEV Low-Temp. Loads Figure 3: Basic piping configuration of three low-temperature systems under analysis. February 2009 ASHRAE Journal 21

ASHRAE Journal - February 2009

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - February 2009

ASHRAE Journal - February 2009
Contents
Commentary
Industry News
Letters
Meetings and Shows
Feature Articles
     Carbon Dioxide in North American Supermarkets
     Frost on Air-Cooling Evaporators
     Electronic Expansion Valves Versus Thermal Expansion Valves
     Anniversary Feature: Air Handling Unit Design for Energy Conservation
     Redundancy for Data Centers
Building Sciences
Washington Report
InfoCenter
Special Products
Emerging Technologies
People
Products
Classified Advertising
Advertising Index
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - ASHRAE Journal - February 2009
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 4
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Commentary
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Industry News
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 10
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 12
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Letters
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 16
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A1
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A2
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A3
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A4
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A5
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A6
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A7
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A8
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A9
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A10
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A11
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A12
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A13
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A14
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A15
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A16
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A17
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A18
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A19
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A20
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A21
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A22
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A23
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A24
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A25
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A26
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A27
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A28
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A29
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A30
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A31
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A32
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A33
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A34
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A35
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A36
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A37
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A38
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A39
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - A40
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Meetings and Shows
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 -      Carbon Dioxide in North American Supermarkets
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 20
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 26
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 -      Frost on Air-Cooling Evaporators
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 28
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 30
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 32
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 -      Electronic Expansion Valves Versus Thermal Expansion Valves
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 38
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 -      Anniversary Feature: Air Handling Unit Design for Energy Conservation
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 44
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 48
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 50
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 -      Redundancy for Data Centers
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 54
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Building Sciences
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 57
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Washington Report
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 61
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - InfoCenter
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 64
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 65
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 66
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 67
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Special Products
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Emerging Technologies
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 70
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 71
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 72
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - People
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Products
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 75
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 76
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Classified Advertising
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 78
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - 79
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Advertising Index
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - February 2009 - Cover4
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