ASHRAE Journal - June 2009 - 23

Energy Efficiency Measures Potential IEQ Consequences Less Uncontrolled OA Ventilation Potential HVAC Design and Operation Responses And Technology Challenges Mechanical OA Ventilation for Houses Commercial OA Ventilation Systems That Better Ensure Minimum Ventilation Rates More Airtight Building Envelopes Less Rapid Drying Within the Building Envelope, Posing Microbial Contamination Risks Increased Sheltering from OA Particles and Ozone New Pollutants and Increased or Decreased Pollutant Emission Rates from Envelope Materials Reduced Sensible Cooling Loads Reduced Filtration Rates as Supply Airflow Rates Diminish Higher Indoor Concentrations of Indoor-Generated Pollutants If No Compensating Measures Increased Sheltering from Outdoor Particles and Ozone More Thermally Efficient Building Envelopes More Energy Efficient Lighting and Equipment Reduced Capacity HVAC Systems With Greater Latent to Sensible Capacity Ratio Separate HVAC for OA Ventilation Flexible Exhaust Air Systems for Removing Heat and Pollutants from Point Sources Effective and Low Cost Gas Phase Air Cleaning That Consume Less Energy Than OA Ventilation More And New Types of Demand Controlled Ventilation Air Supply and Removal Technologies That Increase Ventilation Efficiencies Low Pressure Drop Filtration Systems Reduced OA Ventilation Rate Reduced HVAC Airflows, Pressure Drops, and Fan Energy Consumption Reduced Filtration Rates As Supply Airflow Rates Diminish Reduced Noise from HVAC Systems Auxiliary Filtration Systems Independent of HVAC Supply Airstreams Use of Liquids in Place of Air to Transport Energy Radiant Cooling and Heating Technologies Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation of Cooling Coils Direct and Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems Changes in OA Ventilation Rates Low Energy Cooling Systems Changes in Indoor Temperatures And Humidity Values Microbial Risks from Evaporative Cooling Condensation On Chilled Surfaces and Associated Microbial Risks Changes In Ventilation Rates, Indoor Temperatures and Humidity Values Less Use of Air Conditioning or No Air Conditioning Greater Exposure to Outdoor Noise With Open Windows Greater Exposure to OA Pollutants With Open Windows Less Interior Masking of Noise By HVAC Systems Building Energy Standards Based on Measured Energy Consumption, With Associated Minimum IEQ Maintenance Requirements Failure to Meet Energy Standards May Increase Pressures to Relax Temperature, Humidity, and Ventilation Conditions Simultaneous Requirements to Demonstrate the Maintenance of Minimum IEQ Conditions Will Drive New Technology Adoption Systems to Reduce Microbial Risks With Evaporative Cooling Cooling Systems With Finer Spatial and Temporal Control Ventilation Heat Recovery Increased Use of Ventilation Economizer Controls, e.g., Retrofits, In Smaller HVAC Systems Hybrid HVAC Systems That Use Cooling Only During Peak Weather Periods Mechanical Ventilation Without Air Conditioning Nighttime Ventilation Cooling Systems Integrated With Thermal Storage Workstation or Chair Based Cooling Systems Auxiliary Filtration Systems Independent of the HVAC Supply Airstreams Real-Time Monitoring Systems for Energy Use and IEQ Conditions Integrated With HVAC Controls Improved HVAC Control Systems Increased HVAC Maintenance Adoption of Various HVAC Energy Technology Advances Table 1: Energy-efficiency responses to climate change and consequences for IEQ and HVAC. under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The author thanks Mike Apte and Mike Sohn for reviewing this paper. References 1. U.S. DOE. 2008. The 2008 Building Energy Databook. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. 2. Seppanen, O.A., W.J. Fisk. 2004. “Summary of human responses to ventilation.” Indoor Air 14(Suppl. 7):102 – 18. June 2009 3. Wargocki, P., D.P. Wyon. 2006. “Research report on effects of HVAC on student performance.” ASHRAE Journal 48(10):22 – 28. 4. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 2009. “Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resources Bank,” www.iaqscience.lbl.gov. William Fisk is a senior scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, Calif. He is a member of ASHRAE’s Indoor Air Quality Position Document Committee. ASHRAE Journal 23

ASHRAE Journal - June 2009

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - June 2009