ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 22
Renewable Energy Laboratory has developed a series of papers (see the sidebar, What Is a Net Zero Energy Building?) drawing on real-world experiences, including data reported through the Zero Energy Buildings Database. To arrive at a shared definition, parties in an NZEB project must evaluate two interrelated questions: • How will we account for energy use? Some projects target net zero energy use at the site. Others allow for purchased renewable energy to supplement on-site renewables, with that energy use accounted for at the source. In other cases, energy cost is the predominant factor, with the goal being to offset any purchased energy with revenues realized through the sale of on-site renewables. Still others target net zero emissions of carbon, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. • What are our boundaries for choosing among renewable energy options? If a project targets net zero energy use at the site, that necessarily limits the renewable energy choices to sources and technologies available within the building footprint or at the site. Some projects use renewable energy sources from beyond the site (e.g., biomass) to produce power at the site, while others incorporate purchased renewable energy. Clearly, getting to an agreement on energy-use accounting and renewables options is pivotal to determining NZEB design goals and strategies. The Future for NZEBs Ongoing measurement and verification are essential in realizing the full benefits of a net zero energy design. DOE recommends that NZEB status be reviewed and tracked each year through utility bills or submetering. Realistically, a building may be designed to achieve one or more NZEB definitions but may not achieve a net zero energy position in actual operations every year. Any NZEB may fall into the near-NZEB category in a given year, depending on weather, the condition of the building, operations, and other factors. A well-operating NZEB also may become a near NZEB during abnormal weather years that have above-average heating and cooling loads, with below-average solar and wind resources. An area under study at DOE and the national laboratories is the potential for net zero energy use at a community or campus level. Clearly, buildings do not stand alone, and more data is needed to determine optimal ways to extend the boundaries of net zero energy to most effectively use the renewable energy sources available within a broader footprint. Another area of study, initiated in partnership with utilities, is the longer-term impact of NZEBs on energy production. Utilities are concerned about how large-scale application of NZEBs will affect grid stability. A primary www.info.hotims.com/25208-48 22 ASHRAE Journal September 2009
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - September 2009
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009
Contents
Commentary
Industry News
Letters
Meetings and Shows
Getting to Net Zero
Feature Articles
How High Can You Go? Building Height and Net Zero
Lab for Learning
Solar Hot-Water Heating System: Lessons Learned
50th Anniversary—Low Pressure Steam Heating Systems
Building Sciences
Products
Emerging Technologies
People
Classified Advertising
Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - ASHRAE Journal - September 2009
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 4
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Commentary
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Industry News
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Letters
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 12
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 14
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Meetings and Shows
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 17
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Feature Articles
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 20
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - How High Can You Go? Building Height and Net Zero
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 28
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 30
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 32
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 32a
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 32b
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 34
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Lab for Learning
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 40
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Solar Hot-Water Heating System: Lessons Learned
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 48
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 50
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 52
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 50th Anniversary—Low Pressure Steam Heating Systems
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 56
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 57
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 60
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 61
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ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 69
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 70
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 71
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Building Sciences
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 73
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 74
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 75
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 76
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 77
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 78
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 79
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 80
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 81
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Products
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 83
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Emerging Technologies
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 85
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 86
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 87
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 88
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 89
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - People
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 91
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 92
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Classified Advertising
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 94
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - 95
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - September 2009 - Cover4
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