ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 21

mance of existing and new buildings to meet the EU’s Kyoto commitment within 10 years. Buildings account for one-third of energy use in the EU.4,5 These efforts clearly indicate a rapid market transformation and mark a move towards a second generation of high performance designs, envisioned to achieve a 50% or better improvement over current design practice with the ultimate goal to reach Zero Energy Building (ZEB) designs as early as 2020. However, current design standards must be strengthened significantly before the industry can reliably achieve designs that are 50% better than current practice. A recently released report compiling the performance of 121 LEED projects found the average performance to be only 28% better than Standard 90.1-1999.6 This article describes the design approaches and technologies required to achieve high performance, low energy designs suited to cold climates that are 50% better than Standard 90.1-2007. The article also provides a comparison of design standards and presents potential reductions in energy use based on a DOE 2.1E energy model of a hypothetical mid-rise office building located in Chicago. High Performance Construction and Integrated Design High performance low energy designs that are able to achieve a reduction in energy use greater than 50% more than Standard 90.1-2007 require minimal heating and cooling loads plus minimal internal heat gains via low lighting power density (LPD) designs and maximum use of natural lighting. Such low energy designs also require higher reliance on weather integration, passive design techniques, alternate HVAC designs such as displacement ventilation (DV) or dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS) and use of best-in-class technologies to meet the reduced loads. By necessity, low energy designs also require renewable technologies to achieve further reductions in energy use. Integrated design process (IDP) has emerged as an approach to design low energy buildings. IDP was originally described by Amory Lovins in 1992 as a whole building design approach that focuses on load minimization, meeting the load with most efficient technologies, efficient operation and commissioning.7 This design approach allows the designer to take advantage of synergies that exist between building elements and allow maximization of energy savings while minimizing incremental costs via equipment trade-offs.8 During the last 15 years, this approach has been validated in high performance construction programs from electric utilities in the U.S. and Canada.9 It is also described in the LEED-NC Reference Guide introductory section that lists design features typically present in sustainable buildings. These include good thermal performance to reduce heating and cooling loads, optimized architectural designs for free heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting and use of smaller and more efficient HVAC and lighting systems. More recently, the International Energy Annex (IEA) 49, “Low Exergy Systems for High Performance Buildings and Communities,” described a similar design strategy. Its documenJanuary 2010 tation describes a three-step approach that includes minimization of the building energy demand with good levels of thermal insulation, use of renewable energy sources to the maximum extent possible and using fossil fuel as efficiently as possible to meet the remaining energy demand.10 The building industry has embraced the drive towards high performance construction and continues to push design concepts with recent trends that embrace load minimization, passive designs and a return to design approaches used in the past. An example of this return to the design approaches used in the past is illustrated by two buildings located in London that were built a century apart. The Natural History Museum relies on a natural ventilation design via the use of fresh air inlets located at ground level plus six towers to ventilate the building via natural convection. Professor Jeffrey Cook from Arizona State University stated that: “The design of the ventilation system is an example of forgotten knowledge that addresses today’s interest in passive and low energy systems.”11 Swiss Re office building in London was built 123 years later. It is a 40-story, 450,000 ft² (41 806 m²) office building and a striking example of modern day, high performance buildings that incorporates a hybrid ventilation system that relies on natural ventilation and a displacement ventilation system when weather conditions do not allow sufficient air exchange. It also features 100% daylighting using light wells, plus other leading edge energy efficiency features. Other architectural techniques reintroduced in modern sustainable construction are passive cooling technologies including operable windows, wind-induced cross-ventilation and solar or thermal chimneys. These technologies were used in past building construction such as the well-known Flatiron building in New York City, and they are increasingly used in passively ventilated new construction. Design Standards and Performance Levels Achieving a performance improvement greater than 50% through load minimization of conventional designs and use of “best-of-class” equipment is extremely difficult as attested by the few examples that exist. The majority of the high performance buildings constructed in the last 15 years achieved improvements of 25% to 50% with an upper level of approximately 60%.10 This is because in a typical commercial building the HVAC and lighting end uses account for approximately 80% of the total building energy use, while commercial food preparation, commercial refrigeration, office equipment, and vertical transportation account for the balance. Energy reductions in these end uses are not as easily achieved.12 As a result, further savings in HVAC and lighting become increasingly more difficult. Figures 1a and 1b provide a breakdown of energy use by end use of typical commercial buildings in heating dominated regions in the U.S. and Canada.12,13 As shown, space heating is the largest end use accounting for 30% to 50% of the total energy use. Lighting is the second largest end-use in buildings in the U.S. and the third largest end-use in buildings in Canada. ASHRAE Journal 21

ASHRAE Journal - January 2010

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - January 2010

ASHRAE Journal - January 2010
Contents
Commentary
Industry News
Letters
Meetings and Shows
Commissioning High Performance Buildings
Sustainability in Cold Climates
Back to Basics: Duct Design Fundamentals
History of Radiant Heating & Cooling Systems, Part 1
Capturing Condensate by Retrofitting AHUs
Washington Report
Building Sciences
Emerging Technologies
Classified Advertising
Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Intro
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ASHRAE Journal - January 2010
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 4
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Commentary
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Industry News
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Letters
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Meetings and Shows
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Commissioning High Performance Buildings
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 14
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 16
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 17
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 18
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Sustainability in Cold Climates
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 26
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 28
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Back to Basics: Duct Design Fundamentals
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 32
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME1
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME2
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME3
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME4
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME5
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME6
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME7
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME8
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 34
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 38
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - History of Radiant Heating & Cooling Systems, Part 1
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 44
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Capturing Condensate by Retrofitting AHUs
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 50
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 52
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 54
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Washington Report
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Building Sciences
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 60
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 61
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 62
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Emerging Technologies
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 65
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 66
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 67
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Classified Advertising
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 69
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 70
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 72
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Cover4
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