ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 24

Building Element Roof Above Deck U-Value (R) Mass Wall U-Value (R) Glass U-Value (R) Glazing SHGC Standard 90.1–2001 0.063 (R15.8) 0.123 (R8.1) 0.57 (R1.75) Double 6/12/6 0.49 Standard 90.1–2004 0.063 (R15.8) 0.123 (R8.1) 0.57 (R1.75) Double 6/12/6 0.39 Standard 90.1–2007 0.048 (R21) 0.09 (R11.1) 0.35 (R2.85) 0.40 U.K. (EPBD)* 0.023 to 0.035 (R28 to R43) 0.035 to 0.048 (R21 to R28) 0.227 to 0.31 (R3.2 to R4.4) *EPBD is the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive published by the European Commission in January 2004. This directive requires member states to set minimum energy performance standards for new and existing buildings for EU countries to meet their commitment to the Kyoto Protocol by 2015. Table 1: Evolution of thermal performance levels in building design standards for Zone 5 (HDD from 5,400 to 7,200; U-Values in Btu/h · ft² · °F). Building Type Office School Retail Standard 90.1–2001 1.3 1.5 1.9 Standard 90.1–2004 1.0 1.2 1.5 Standard 90.1–2007 1.0 1.2 1.5 Best Designs 0.65 to 0.7 – – Future* 0.45 to 0.5 – – *This value is extrapolated using an efficacy of 150 lumens/watt that could be possible with future LED lighting. Table 2: Evolution of LPDs from three versions of Standard 90.1 and best achievable performance levels (building area method values in W/ft²). Component Cooling Equipment kW/ton (IPLV)* (300 to 600 ton) Heating Equipment (300,000 to 2.5 million Btu/h) Fan Power Limitations (>20,000 cfm) Constant Volume Fan Power Limitations (>20,000 cfm) Variable Volume Standard 90.1–2001 (0.55) 80% Ec† 1.1 hp/1,000 cfm 1.5 hp/1,000 cfm Standard 90.1–2004 0.58 (0.55) 80% Ec 1.1 hp/1,000 cfm 1.5 hp/1,000 cfm Standard 90.1–2007 0.58 (0.55) 80% Ec 1.1 hp/1,000 cfm 1.5 hp/1,000 cfm *Cooling equipment IPLV is at 44°F leaving chilled water and 85°F entering cold water temperatures and condenser flow of 3 gpm/ton. †Ec means combustion efficiency. Table 3: Equipment performance improvement from three versions of Standard 90.1. Table 4 shows the effect on the size of the heating load and annual natural gas energy use from various levels of thermal insulation. The building assumes a 100,000 ft² (9290 m²) total building area and a floor plate dimension of 100 ft × 200 ft (30.5 m × 61 m). The building envelope is a curtain wall system with a window-to-wall ratio (WWR) of 0.35. The design heat loss was calculated using the equation shown in Table 4 and the annual natural gas use was calculated with DOE 2.1E. As shown, a low energy design with an R4 high performance glazing system can achieve a reduction in the design heat loss of 31% compared to the Standard 90.1 reference building. The size of the heating plant is reduced by 18%. The annual natural gas use, which includes domestic hot water, is reduced by approximately 42%. The suggested energy performance of the low energy design would result in a natural gas intensity of 15 kBtu/ft²·yr (174 24 ASHRAE Journal MJ/m²·yr). Although this performance improvement is good, it is not sufficient for low energy designs that aim at performance levels of 60% below Standard 90.1. Adding heat recovery to preheat outside air using building exhaust, plus condensing boilers for space heating and DHW, could lower the overall heating plant requirements and annual natural gas use by 39% and 49% respectively. This option would exhibit a very low natural gas energy intensity of 13 kBtu/ft²·yr (151 MJ/m²·yr). While it is possible to increase the thermal performance of the building envelope further, and there are new materials with high levels of thermal resistance such as vacuum insulated panels (VIPs) and transparent insulation materials (TIM),19 other approaches are emerging to achieve low space heating energy use that focus on the heat loss and heat gain through the building envelope. ashrae.org January 2010

ASHRAE Journal - January 2010

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - January 2010

ASHRAE Journal - January 2010
Contents
Commentary
Industry News
Letters
Meetings and Shows
Commissioning High Performance Buildings
Sustainability in Cold Climates
Back to Basics: Duct Design Fundamentals
History of Radiant Heating & Cooling Systems, Part 1
Capturing Condensate by Retrofitting AHUs
Washington Report
Building Sciences
Emerging Technologies
Classified Advertising
Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Intro
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ASHRAE Journal - January 2010
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 4
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Commentary
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Industry News
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Letters
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Meetings and Shows
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Commissioning High Performance Buildings
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 14
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 16
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 17
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 18
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Sustainability in Cold Climates
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 26
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 28
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Back to Basics: Duct Design Fundamentals
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 32
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME1
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME2
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME3
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME4
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME5
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME6
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME7
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - ME8
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 34
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 38
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - History of Radiant Heating & Cooling Systems, Part 1
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 44
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Capturing Condensate by Retrofitting AHUs
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 50
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 52
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 54
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Washington Report
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Building Sciences
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 60
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 61
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 62
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Emerging Technologies
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 65
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 66
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 67
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Classified Advertising
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 69
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 70
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 72
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_MCDEBX
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_WNYSQY
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_XATVOD
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_FJSHSS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_CCBZDS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_XDEFVG
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2023november_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2023november
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_VHGNBL
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_WPKBNJ
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_UUVCDE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_RTGDEW
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraemexico_2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_LKRFXS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_AZSOFG
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_ERCDBH
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_QWDFRV
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_JHGVDF
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_OPUYHG
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SREIBM
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_LRTGLK
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_OKRFGH
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2022november_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2022november
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_TZSERA
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_LVRUIX
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_RPTVYZ
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/mini_pub_catalog
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_XIYTGD
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraemexico_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_RFGDOB
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_PABXNU
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_REMKLS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_PICVBT
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_AOYTVW
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_JQOPLS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_IOYTBC
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SGAJJF
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_IGHYER
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_PDRKLS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2021november
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2021november_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_XCODFR
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_QSLFGO
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_ILKVNM
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraemexico_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_OPDJKD
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_VJKSRY
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SDHUTC
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_JPPKRR
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SDLTTH
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_CKLLES
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_SLDOX
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_HJETUK
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_OLUHGE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2020october
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2020october_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_ZERDGH
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_QVMNEO
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_RTPOKE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_BBATRE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_STUBMW
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_TPEMPE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_JNMKDS
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_FBTTPA
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_WQMMNE
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_TVBRYN
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_showguide2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_KTUZMA
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_ABEDGD
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201910
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201909
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2019septmeber_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2019september
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201907
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201906
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201905
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201904
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2019april
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201903
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2019march
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201902
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201901
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_showguide2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2018december
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2018november
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2018fall_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2018fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_2018october
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraemexico_2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201810
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraeinsights_201806
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201805
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201804
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201803
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201712
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201711
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201710
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2017fall_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2017fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201709
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201705
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashrae_meetinginsert_201610
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2016fall_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2016fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_acrexindia
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2015summer_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_amca_2015summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/amca/2014summer2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/amca/2014summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_acma_2014summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201311
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201309
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_acmasupp_2013fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201305
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201303
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/pubcatalog_2013winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/achr_expo_mexico2012
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201208_v3
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201208_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/pubcatalog_2012summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201205
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201203
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/pubcatalog_2012winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201111_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/ashraejournal_201109_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/pubcatalog_2011summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201105
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ashrae/meetingplanner_201103
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com