ASHRAE Journal - January 2010 - 44

Exhaust Section Gulduk (Chimney) Heat Releasing Section Floor Finishing With Clay Gudeul (Under Floor Heating Structure) Combustion Section Cooking Pot Gorae (Flue Gas Passages) Bulgogae (Fire Throat) Budumak (Kitchen Range) or Agungii (Fire Furnace) Opening to Supply Fire Wood and Combustion Air Photo credit: Kwang Woo Kim (left and right photos); Kyu Nam Rhee (center photo) Figure 2: Structure of entirely ondol floored room.9 Figure 3: Entirely ondol floored room dating from the Chosun Dynasty. Left – agungii (furnace); center – bang (room); right – gulduk (chimney). Development of Ondol in Korea During the time of the Roman Empire, the Goguryeo Kingdom (37 B.C.), an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, maintained its use of kang, dikang and ondol as referenced in ancient literature and supported by recent excavations in North Okjeo (what is now known as Russia’s Maritime Province). Remains found at Sanggyeong Yongcheonbu Palace also show the evidence of floor heating used in Balhae Kingdom (698 to 926 A.D.), which occupied the southern part of Manchuria and the northern part of the Korean peninsula.8 In the early stage of development of ondol (4th century B.C. to 11th century A.D.), the L- or I-type gudeul was used for cooking and heating. This L- or I-type gudeul, with an indoor furnace, was lined along the wall in the room, and was covered by partial flooring so that the people using the living space could wear their shoes. The L-type gudeul was first developed by the lower class in the cold northern region and was then adopted in the mild central and warm southern regions of the Korean peninsula (see Entirely ondol floored room, which is traditional floor heating in Korea with agungii (outdoor furnace), gorae (flue gas passages) and a gulduk (chimney).9 Image credit: Kwang Woo Kim (left image) timeline). As its use spread to the southern region, the shorter I-type gudeul started to appear in the mild region. In the latter half of this period (700 to 1100 A.D.), more sophisticated L-type gudeul were found in several places, and their use indicated that some members of the upper class and other people of prominence had used the L-type gudeul in their living quarters.9 During the development of ondol on the Korean peninsula, the fire furnace was located inside the house and used for cooking and heating. However, it was inefficient because cooking would result in overheating during the summer and the smell of cooked food would linger. For this reason, around 1000 to 1200 A.D., the fire furnace was moved outside and the room was entirely floored with ondol, and thereby, established the future of true ondol. However, in the northern region of Korea, where the winter is long and severe, the fire furnace was kept inside the house and there was no partition wall between the fire furnace and the room. This form, of an entirely ondol floored room, is still being used in North Korea and the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, located on the border of China and North Korea. c. 500 A.D., Asia continues to use conditioned surfaces, but the application is lost in Europe where it is replaced by the open fire or rudimentary forms of the modern fireplace. Anecdotal literary reference to radiant cooling system in the Middle East that uses snow-packed wall cavities. c. 700, A more sophisticated and developed gudeul was found in some palaces and living quarters of upper class people in Korea. c. 1000, The ondol continues to evolve in Asia. The most advanced true ondol system was established. The fire furnace was moved outside and the room was entirely floored with ondol in Korea. Europe uses various forms of the fireplace with the evolution of drafting combustion products with chimneys. c. 1500, Attention to comfort and architecture in Europe evolves. China and Korea continue to apply floor heating with wide-scale adoption. ASHRAE Journal ashrae.org January 2010

ASHRAE Journal - January 2010

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - January 2010