ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 62

solar NZEB projEct
Our January 2011 cooking energy was a more modest 24.7 kWh and is more representative of our wintertime cooking activities. Combining dishwasher, clothes washer and cooking energies, we have 1,000 kWh of annual energy use. In a nearly proportional manner to the refrigerator load, this additional energy can be beneficial or detrimental. Equinox House has a net electric energy load of 780 kWh, or a decrease of 220 kWh from the 1,000 kWh appliance load. For Phoenix, additional air conditioning requires 245 kWh in addition to the 1,000 kWh load, while Fairbanks realizes 302 kWh less than the appliance load. re-condensed in the evaporator, similar to a room dehumidifier. The energy used for the drying stays within the house, and no additional ventilation load is placed on the house. Based on the previous vented dryer assumptions, a ventless heat pump dryer that uses 50% less energy requires 750 kWh to operate over the course of a year, with the energy staying inside the house in the form of additional heat. For Urbana, the net house energy due to clothes drying is 578 kWh compared to the 1,810 kWh required by the vented dryer. For Phoenix, the ventless heat pump dryer imposes an annual energy load of 986 kWh in comparison to a vented dryer’s 1,544 clothes Dryers kWh, while Fairbanks realizes 526 kWh of annual energy for Two classes of clothes dryers are the conventional vented the ventless dryer compared to 2,018 kWh for the vented dryer. dryer in which essentially all clothes dryer energy is exhausted Figure 1 shows the progression of adding a vented electric dryer from the house and the ventless, heat pump dryer in which all and a ventless heat pump clothes dryer to the house for the of the dryer energy stays in the house. A third category is the three locations. Figure 2 displays the appliance energy impact ventless, “condensing dryer,” which is a less efficient version for the ventless heat pump clothes dryer and the vented electric of the ventless heat pump dryer. resistance clothes dryer relative to the Photo 2 is a picture of the washer and nominal yellow tag values. dryer in Equinox House. The clothes The energy difference between a washer is a modern, front loading, high ventless heat pump dryer and a vented efficiency unit with high spin speed. electrical dryer is enormous. Electrical Our clothes dryer is a European ventless vehicles entering the market travel 4 heat pump clothes dryer that uses 30% miles per kWh (6.4 km per kWh), so less energy than European “A” grade the energy difference between a ventclothes dryers, which is approximately less heat pump clothes dryer and a 50% more efficient than clothes dryvented electric resistance clothes dryer is ers in the U.S. Continuing advances in equivalent to 2,000 to 4,000 miles (3200 Europe are pushing the envelope further to 6400 km) of driving. with another 20% energy decrease (50% photo 2: High spin speed, water conserving of European “A” grade) in the near fu- clothes washer and ventless heat pump clothes Water Heating ture. Unfortunately, ventless, heat pump dryer (the dryer is from Europe). Water heating is interesting because clothes dryers are not readily available of its energy significance and the new in the United States due to the lack of clothes dryer ENERGY heat pump water heating technology moving into the market. STAR appliance ratings. We acquired a European unit neces- For a family of four, we will assume that 280 kg of hot water sitating a power converter shown on top of the dryer. Eliminat- (approximately 80 gallons [303 L]) are required per day. ing the dryer vent saves construction costs, as well as cutting Electric resistance water heating has an annual energy load a hole in the wall. of 5,300 kWh per year based on the above assumptions. No alFrom our appliance research, we have found an average U.S. lowance for storage tank losses is assumed for this discussion. clothes dryer energy requirement of 2.5 kWh for a full load of Such losses may be either heat gains to the surrounding space, cotton towels. For a family of four, 600 drying cycles are as- which may or may not impact the home energy depending on the sumed, the same as used for clothes washing. A dryer cycling location of the water heater. No distinctions are made between time of 0.5 hours per load is assumed with 5 kW of power, tankless (“instantaneous”) and tank electric water heaters as the resulting in 1,500 kWh per year. Our clothes dryer ventilation effects on the house are similar with regards to energy (but not in studies have measured a vented dryer airflow of 58 L/s (120 terms of power demand). Although some fraction of the energy in cfm) during a drying cycle. We have added the dryer exhaust the hot water does transfer into the comfort space through both air to the house infiltration, resulting in an additional 310 kWh direct heating of the home and through water vaporization from electrical energy required for additional summer and winter showers and other uses, this amount will be neglected as well. house conditioning in Urbana. For Phoenix, only 44 kWh of All energy used for heating the water is assumed to go down the additional load is realized while Fairbanks has an additional drain with the water. comfort conditioning load of 518 kWh above the 1,500 kWh Heat pump water heaters entering the market significantly dryer energy. reduce water heating energy requirements while also impactVentless dryers with heat pumps essentially remove water ing the comfort conditioning of the house. We will assume that from clothing by temporarily vaporizing the water. Heat from the heat pump water heater is located in the comfort space, the condenser coils vaporizes water in the clothing, which is then although this may not always be true. Photo 3 is the heat pump
62 ASHRAE Journal ashrae.org April 2011



ASHRAE Journal - April 2011

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - April 2011

ASHRAE Journal - April 2011
Contents
Commentary
Industry News
Letters
Meetings and Shows
Feature Articles
Making the Case for Energy Metering
BIM Test at ASHRAE HQ
Technology Award Case Studies: Adaptive Reuse for Clinics
Earthquake: New Codes Provide Tools, But We Need to Ensure Compliance
Controlling Corrosion in Marine Refrigeration Systems
Solar NZEB Project
Emerging Technologies
IAQ Applications
Washington Report
Products
Special Products
Classified Advertising
Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Intro
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - ASHRAE Journal - April 2011
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Commentary
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Industry News
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 10
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 12
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 14
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Letters
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 17a
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 17b
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 17
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Meetings and Shows
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Making the Case for Energy Metering
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 26
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - BIM Test at ASHRAE HQ
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 30
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 32
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 34
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Technology Award Case Studies: Adaptive Reuse for Clinics
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 40
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Earthquake: New Codes Provide Tools, But We Need to Ensure Compliance
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 48
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Controlling Corrosion in Marine Refrigeration Systems
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 52
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 54
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 56
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 57
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Solar NZEB Project
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 61
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 62
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 64
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 65
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Emerging Technologies
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 67
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 68
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 69
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - IAQ Applications
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 71
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 72
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 73
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Washington Report
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Products
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Special Products
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Classified Advertising
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 78
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - 79
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - April 2011 - Cover4
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