ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 41

electric bill. Thus, reduction of billing demand Energy Discounted Internal Energy Estimated may not only save demand charge, but also enInvestment Payback Rate of Cost Savings First Cost Target Period Return ergy charges, by moving some of the consumpEmergency Generator tion into a lower cost category. $24,400 $97,600 $50,000 2.5 Years 60% Peak Shaving Finally, time of day rate structures also indi0.60 kW/ton Chillers $7,900 $31,600 $22,000 3.5 Years 47% cate extensive attention to these early simula45°F Chilled Water $1,800 $7,200 $4,000 2.7 Years 56% tions. Peak electrical demands and peak Cooling Two-Speed loads in the various time slots will indicate the $1,500 $6,200 $2,100 1.6 Years 85% Cooling Tower Fans potential for moving loads into adjacent nonAll Strategies $35,600 $142,600 $78,100 2.6 Years 57% peak time slots. Despite the fact that the building form may Table 1: Preliminary economic analysis of central plant energy conservation meanot yet have been set, the building program, site sures for an office building in Atlanta. constraints on the form, and operating schedules will largely determine the pattern of energy consumption for the the architectural impact of the system selection can be included project. This initial analysis will indicate general strategies which in the schematic design. The location of occupancies with opwill be applicable not only to systems design but also to architecerating schedules more extensive than the rest of the building tural design. Some of the issues accessible through this analysis may also have significant impact on the total consumption of include: the building. These decisions can utilize information supplied •	 The relative importance of sun control by energy simulations. The system selection, in particular, can •	 The relative importance of overall envelope heat transmis- benefit from comparisons in which generic energy conservasion (U-value) tion measures are included with the various systems. •	 The potential for daylighting For example, a hydronic heat pump system might be more cost •	 Whether airside economizer might offer significant savings effective with Single glazing in a mild climate than would a VAV •	 Whether a massive building might be beneficial system in a double glazed building. An airside economizer then •	 Whether space should be allocated for thermal storage or might make the VAV system more attractive. Daylighting conelectric generation •	 Whether any spaces might not require mechanical cooling •	 Whether the most likely cost effective method of space heating will be electric resistance heat or hydronicalIy conveyed heat from fossil fuel combustion or refrigeration recovery •	 Whether a central system is likely to be more cost effective than packaged units. The proper analysis of these predesign simulations can furnish the building design team with guidelines for the pursuit of energy conservation in the project from the first day of design.

Schematic Design
With the commencement of the design phase, simulation can be used to provide input for specific design decisions. Parametric studies have been used on many projects to test the sensitivity of energy consumption to specific design variables. Orientation, aspect ratio, percentage of glass, over- hang depth, all have been tested on a number of projects to give guidance in the selection of an architectural scheme. Such high volume parametric studies, however, overemphasize the importance of energy and may be misleading when applied only to specific characteristics of the building envelope. In the perimeter zones of a building, the building envelope, the lighting strategy, the glazing type and the air terminal control scheme interact to the extent that a determination of one variable should not be made without consideration of the others. The major energy related decisions that will be made during the schematic design phase will be the selection of basic mechanical system types. The selection will be made so that
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ASHRAE Journal

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ASHRAE Journal - July 2011

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - July 2011

ASHRAE Journal - July 2011
Contents
Commentary
Industry News
Letters
Meetings and Shows
Feature Articles
Optimizing Design & Control of Chilled Water Plants: Part 1: Chilled Water Distribution System Selection
Less Pumping Means Cooler Ground Loops
Hall of Fame: Energy Simulation in the Building Design Process
Select Fans Using Fan Total Pressure to Save Energy
Technology Award Case Studies:
Resort Central Plant
Standing Columns
Building Sciences
Solar NZEB Project
Advertising Section
Sustainable Products Capabilities
Washington Report
Emerging Technologies
IAQ Applications
Special Products
Classified Advertising
Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Intro
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - ASHRAE Journal - July 2011
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Commentary
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Industry News
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Letters
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Meetings and Shows
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Optimizing Design & Control of Chilled Water Plants: Part 1: Chilled Water Distribution System Selection
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 16
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 17
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ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Less Pumping Means Cooler Ground Loops
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 28
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 30
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 32
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 34
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Hall of Fame: Energy Simulation in the Building Design Process
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 38
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 40
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Select Fans Using Fan Total Pressure to Save Energy
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Resort Central Plant
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 50
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Building Sciences
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 54
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 56
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Solar NZEB Project
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 60
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Sustainable Products Capabilities
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 62
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 64
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 65
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 66
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ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 132
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Washington Report
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Emerging Technologies
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 135
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 136
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 137
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - IAQ Applications
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 139
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Special Products
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 141
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Classified Advertising
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - 143
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - July 2011 - Cover4
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