ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 28

do) serve as barriers to rapid and reliable deployment of solar thermal combisystems. Each alternative plumbing configuration represents a slightly different operating sequence (and a different control strategy to go with it) that the installer must understand explicitly if it is to start-up and operate successfully over the long term.

A

Boiler

B
Tank

Primary Loop Pump Relay Controls

Pump

Solution by Design

Heat

Exchanger Let’s pause for a moment to reflect Tank on what we are ideally trying to accomTempering Tank Pump plish with a combisystem piping configuration. We have multiple heat sources feeding multiple heat loads. Some of the Boiler heat sources are only available intermittently, but those are typically the most Photo 2a (left): The dilemma: chaos. Photo 2b (right): The solution: elegance. desirable with the lowest fuel cost. Not all the heating loads require the same temperature, and some the circulator pumps to join together without interfering with have intrinsic heat storage capacity. Water heat-storage tanks one another. This can be accomplished with primary/secondcan act both as heat sources and heat loads, so the piping con- ary piping using closely spaced tees to attach the secondary figuration needs to allow for this. loops, which plug into the primary loop with a two-pipe conWe want to deliver solar heat to any job that needs heat, nection. giving it top priority whenever it is available because of the Figure 1 illustrates this concept as it applies to a small solar lower fuel cost. If solar heat is used directly (instead of stored) heating system. This diagram is typical of many smaller soas soon as it arrives, the delivered solar thermal efficiency is lar-heated homes in Northern New Mexico, where the glycol maximized when the energy loss associated with heat stor- boiler fluid circulates in a pressurized, closed system, directly age, extra pumping and multiple heat exchangers is eliminat- from the solar collectors into the floors, the boiler, and other ed. The same capability is needed for any other intermittent heating equipment. This eliminates the need for a primary source of heat when they are connected. heat exchanger (separating the outdoor fluid from the indoor So, a piping configuration is needed that allows any heat fluid), which lowers the cost of these small installations, and source to connect to any heat load whenever the temperature improves the solar thermal system efficiency. Solar-direct glyis useful, and allow heat to bypass any heating load when the col systems are typically used on smaller projects of less than temperature is not a proper match or it is not needed. 2,000 ft2 (186 m2). Also, we need a piping configuration that can be modified easNotice that the piping transition from copper to the PEX in ily, so that heat sources and heat loads can be added or deleted the floor always includes a thermal tempering valve to protect more easily in a standard way so installers can plug and play solar the plastic tubing from possible solar overheat. Notice also, heat, storage tanks, or other equipment without a major redesign. that if the solar collectors are sized, mounted and controlled It may seem like a tall order to meet all these requirements in properly with respect for the heat storage capacity of the radia single standard piping configuration, but one solution stands ant mass floor and the water heater tank, no other heat-storage out, having been in popular use for decades. The primary loop water tanks are needed. There are many systems like this inconfiguration has been more popular in commercial buildings stalled in our region that employ only the domestic hot water than in residential in the past, but it can be applied to solar com- (DHW) tank and the mass of the floors for heat storage. bisystems as well. After many solar combi installations in small commercial and residential buildings, the primary loop approach Temperature Sequencing seems to fill the bill nicely. A system can be seen just like this in Heat sources should be sequenced along the primary loop in Photo 2b, which is located inside the residence in Photo 1b. It is order of increasing temperature production, and heat loads are a Combi 101 primary loop configuration that performs exactly placed in order of declining temperature requirements. This is the same functions as the system in Photo 2a was supposed to do. important in any simple primary loop because the cool return fluid mixes with the hot supply fluid at every secondary conPrimary Loop “Flow Center” Concept nection that has flow. So, for example, the DHW gets higher To connect all heating sources to all heating loads, a flow temperature heat before continuing around the loop to the racenter is needed to allow the supply and return fluid from all diant mass floor. The tees for a baseboard secondary would be

28

ASHRAE Journal

ashrae.org

February 2012



ASHRAE Journal - February 2012

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - February 2012

ASHRAE Journal - February 2012
Contents
Commentary
Industry News
Letters
Meetings and Shows
Feature Articles
Building Integrated Aquaculture
Integrating Solar and Hydronic Heating in Residential and Small Commercial Systems
Advantages of Integrated Control in Solar Combisystems
Using Building Mass to Heat and Cool: Thermo Active Building Systems (TABS)
Design Considerations for Commercial Kitchen Ventilation
Special Section
InfoCenter
Standing Columns
Standards and Codes
Emerging Technologies
Products
IAQ Applications
Special Products
Classified Advertising
Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - ASHRAE Journal - February 2012
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Commentary
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Industry News
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Letters
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 12
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Meetings and Shows
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Building Integrated Aquaculture
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 17
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 18
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 20
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Integrating Solar and Hydronic Heating in Residential and Small Commercial Systems
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 28
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 30
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 32
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Advantages of Integrated Control in Solar Combisystems
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 38
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 40
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Using Building Mass to Heat and Cool: Thermo Active Building Systems (TABS)
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 48
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 50
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 52
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Design Considerations for Commercial Kitchen Ventilation
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 56
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 57
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 60
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 61
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 62
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - InfoCenter
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 65
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 66
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 67
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 68
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 69
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 70
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 71
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Standards and Codes
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 73
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 74
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 75
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 76
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 77
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Emerging Technologies
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 79
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 80
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Products
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - IAQ Applications
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 83
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 84
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Special Products
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Classified Advertising
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - 87
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - February 2012 - Cover4
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