ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 29

Building A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA BB CC Total Average

Year Built 1906 1923 1925 1928 1949 1951 1956 1960 1961 1961 1963 1963 1963 1963 1964 1965 1966 1966 1967 1968 1968 1969 1970 1970 1972 1988 1988 1990 2003 – 1962

ft2
(Millions)

ENERGY STAR Score 81 83 75 79 79 85 78 45 61 24 41 71 61 80 44 79 37 74 76 80 54 78 80 59 67 76 76 82 55 – 68

Annual Electric
(MMBtu)

Annual Steam
(MMBtu)

Natural Gas
(MMBtu)

Fuel Oil
(MMBtu)

Total
(MMBtu)

Total Annual kBtu/ft2 Energy Cost in Millions $ 90 87 64 65 82 94 123 139 136 162 151 121 140 101 124 89 88 108 109 104 132 102 165 142 112 63 523 75 163 3,652 126 $4.4 $4.0 $2.8 $2.4 $1.6 $2.3 $0.9 $2.7 $8.1 $8.0 $16.0 $10.4 $10.2 $4.0 $4.2 $7.2 $2.9 $2.4 $1.9 $3.4 $3.2 $2.5 $13.3 $4.8 $4.2 $4.6 $9.2 $4.5 $9.6 $154.5 $5.4

$/ft2 $3.80 $3.54 $2.80 $3.10 $4.36 $3.98 $1.88 $5.04 $4.65 $6.51 $5.35 $4.92 $5.47 $4.91 $4.69 $4.83 $3.20 $6.32 $5.47 $4.22 $5.57 $4.30 $5.84 $5.69 $5.29 $2.18 $15.33 $3.08 $6.52 $142.84 $4.93

1.14 1.14 0.97 0.75 0.36 0.58 0.48 0.54 1.73 1.23 2.99 2.11 1.85 0.82 0.89 1.49 0.89 0.38 0.34 0.80 0.57 0.58 2.28 0.84 0.79 2.10 0.60 1.44 1.47 32.15 1.20

61,000 56,000 53,000 41,000 25,000 31,000 34,000 39,000 145,000 104,000 229,000 142,000 110,000 44,000 59,000 94,000 52,000 18,000 21,000 46,000 34,000 27,000 121,000 66,000 47,000 101,000 314,000 105,000 189,000 2,408,000 83,000

22,000 42,000 0 0 4,000 23,000 24,000 36,000 86,000 95,000 216,000 114,000 149,000 37,000 51,000 38,000 26,000 22,000 15,000 36,000 40,000 32,000 144,000 52,000 42,000 31,000 0 0 46,000 1,377,000 49,000

18,899 0 0 239 0 0 0 0 3,521 0 8,415 0 0 0 431 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 110,904 14 0 0 0 1,502 3,250 143,925 16,353

0 0 9,167 6,985 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,047 0 17,199 5,733

102,000 99,000 62,000 48,000 29,000 54,000 58,000 74,000 235,000 199,000 453,000 255,000 259,000 82,000 110,000 132,000 78,000 40,000 36,000 82,000 74,000 59,000 376,000 118,000 88,000 132,000 314,000 108,000 238,250 3,994,250 137,733

Table 1: Energy use in 32 million

ft2

(2.9 million

m2)

of New York City commercial buildings. riety in the energy use of the audited buildings. This range is partly explained by the occupant and equipment density, and partly by the efficiency of the systems.

plying induction unit air systems (serving areas approximately 15 ft [5 m] from the exterior); • Central air-handling systems, which serve the interior of multiple floors; • Secondary water systems (perimeter zones); • Constant flow chilled water pump systems and two-way chilled water valves on all heat transfer equipment; • High-pressure steam turbine or absorption driven chillers (or, to a lesser extent, electric chillers) with heat rejection by cooling towers; • Steam heating via air-handling steam coils or the secondary water induction system; and • Building management systems (BMS), the majority still connected to pneumatically operated valves and dampers. Table 1 reflects energy use information gathered during energy audits of 29 buildings, 84% of which were either built, or had HVAC systems retrofitted, between 1950 and 1970. Despite having similar vintages and systems, there is wide vaAugust 2012

Central Steam Distribution System
One of the features that distinguishes HVAC systems in many Manhattan office buildings is the use of utility steam for heating and cooling. The Con Edison steam system, operating via 105 miles of underground mains and service piping, is the largest commercial district steam system in the United States.2 Almost 70% of the buildings in Table 1 use steam chillers. Utility steam use aids in meeting NYC’s clean air goals through more rigorous control and monitoring of CO 2, NOX, and SO 2 than do equivalent capacity central or local boilers burning oil or gas.3 Since 150 psi (1034 kPa) steam is piped directly from the mains to each building, the customer benefits from a gain in rentable space (no boilers), aesthetics (no flues), and some lower capital costs.
ASHRAE Journal 29



ASHRAE Journal - August 2012

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - August 2012

ASHRAE Journal - August 2012
Contents
Commentary
Industry News
Letters
Meetings and Shows
Feature Articles
2012– 13 Presidential Address: Broadening ASHRAE’s Horizons
Improving Energy Performance of NYC’s Existing Office Buildings
How 90.1-2010 Will Affect Health-Care Facilities
Technology Award Case Studies:
Ventilation for Museum
Sustainability at the Y
Standing Columns
Building Sciences
Special Section
InfoCenter
Emerging Technologies
Products
Refrigeration Applications
IAQ Applications
Washington Report
Special Products
Classified Advertising
Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - ASHRAE Journal - August 2012
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Commentary
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Industry News
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Letters
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 10
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 12
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Meetings and Shows
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 2012– 13 Presidential Address: Broadening ASHRAE’s Horizons
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 17
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 18
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 20
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 26
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Improving Energy Performance of NYC’s Existing Office Buildings
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 30
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 32
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 34
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 38
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - How 90.1-2010 Will Affect Health-Care Facilities
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 44
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 48
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 50
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Ventilation for Museum
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 54
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Sustainability at the Y
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 57
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 60
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 61
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Building Sciences
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 64
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 65
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 66
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 67
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - InfoCenter
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 69
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ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 71
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 72
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 73
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 74
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 75
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Emerging Technologies
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 77
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 78
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 79
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Products
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 81
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Refrigeration Applications
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 83
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - IAQ Applications
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 85
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 86
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 87
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Washington Report
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 89
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Special Products
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 91
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 92
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 93
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - 94
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Classified Advertising
ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Advertisers Index
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ASHRAE Journal - August 2012 - Cover4
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