ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 44
Solar Heat Gain
Atrium
Figure 3: Diagram of ground-coupled heat pump system with thermally active slab at SAP Americas Expansion building.
Closed Loop Ground Wells Water to Water Heat Pump Economizer Loop
Thermally Active Slab
HC 400 ft.
CC
To Chiller To Boiler
Several additional energy efficiency options are available when combining the active slab with the ground coupled heat pump. In many climates, the temperature of the water returning from the borehole, early in the cooling season, will be adequate for supply to the active slab. A bypass line around the heat pump allows cooling to be supplied directly from the borehole without requiring energy consumption by the heat pump or temperature drop across a heat exchanger. The very low temperature lift for this system can be more fully exploited through the use of variable speed compressor heat pumps, whose energy efficiency greatly increases at low compressor lift. Variable speed compressor heat pumps that might normally operate with a COP of 4.5 at conventional AHRI operating conditions can operate with COPs as high as 10 with the water conditions often experienced with the ground coupled/ thermally active slab system. One consideration with these combined systems is that the floor system will often operate at a very low part load, lower than the minimum part load capacity of the heat pump. Many small water-to-water heat pumps are furnished with relatively unsophisticated controls that cannot respond to overcooling or overheating of the supply water when the unit is at its minimum unloading point. If the compressor remains on-line at its lowest unloading point even though the leaving water temperature becomes either extremely hot in heating mode or extremely cold in cooling mode, then an additional control sequence is required. A simple aftermarket control sequence to overcome this problem exploits the thermal capacitance of the entire system to accommodate small part loads. When the temperature of the return water, as measured by the aftermarket thermostat falls outside the maximum heating return water temperature or the minimum cooling return water temperature, the heat pump
44 ASHRAE Journal
Photo 3: Atrium with thermally active slab at SAP Americas Expansion Building. compressor is disabled, but the pumping system continues to operate. When the temperature of the return water falls back within those boundaries by a defined margin (typically 5°F [2.8°C]), and after the compressor has been disabled for a
ashrae.org January 2013
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - January 2013
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013
Contents
Commentary
Industry News
Letters
Meetings and Shows
Feature Articles
Long-Term Commercial GSHP Performance: Part 6: Maintenance and Controls
Thermally Active Floors, Part 1
Technology Award Case Studies:
Aquathermal Systems
Standing Columns
Data Centers
People
Emerging Technologies
IAQ Applications
Engineer's Notebook
Washington Report
Refrigeration Applications
Classified Advertising
Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - ASHRAE Journal - January 2013
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Commentary
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Industry News
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 10
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 12
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 14
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Letters
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 17
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Meetings and Shows
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 20
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Long-Term Commercial GSHP Performance: Part 6: Maintenance and Controls
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 26
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 28
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 30
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Thermally Active Floors, Part 1
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 34
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 38
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 40
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 44
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Aquathermal Systems
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 50
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 52
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 54
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 56
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 57
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 60
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Data Centers
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 62
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - People
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Emerging Technologies
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 66
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 67
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - IAQ Applications
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 69
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 70
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 71
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Engineer's Notebook
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 73
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 74
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 75
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Washington Report
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Refrigeration Applications
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Classified Advertising
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - 80
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - January 2013 - Cover4
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