ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 61

Column The performance gap

above Original church boiler.
top right Original school boiler.
right Original cooling tower.

figure 1 Life-cycle analysis comparison.

$1,000,000
$800,000
$600,00
$400,000
$200,000
$0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
($200,000)
Years After Project Implementation
($400,000)
Standard Replacement
High-Efficiency Project

Cumulative Cash Flow

the energy management controls system was installed
according to the inaccurate mechanical drawings, which
differed from the actual piping and equipment installation, which differed from the original energy savings
concept. Figures 2 through 5 demonstrate the variance
in the different drawing sets for the two-pipe heating
system serving the hydronic baseboard radiators in the
classrooms.
The system had been intended to have an isolated loop
to avoid having to flow through the boiler unless heat
injection was needed. But the resulting heating loop
and pump placement had other effects on the system. At
first, it caused sensor reference problems, unintended
flow through zones that were not calling for heat, and
over-pumping.
In addition to the school boiler piping issues, there
were other systems affected by drawing and installation
discrepancies. The equipment provided heating and
cooling, but did not adequately accomplish this without
comfort complaints.
Issues included overheating in zones that were supposed to be off and excess heat wasted up the boiler
flue. The systems were not performing as expected, and
would not achieve the savings originally projected. At
one point the building operators were so frustrated that
they asked for the “computer system” to be ripped back
out, and the original non-programmable thermostats be
reinstalled. No one was happy.
The controls contractor struggled to implement the
sequences necessary to achieve project requirements. For
example, the hot water supply temperature was set to
reset between 150°F and 180°F (66°C and 82°C)—which
is great for a conventional boiler, but effectively eliminates increased savings potential for this condensing

Left The original architectural plan
for a church and school in Denver that
needed to update its old HVAC system.
The church decided to go beyond the
lowest first-cost solution and invest more
money in upgraded systems based on
projected energy savings and life-cycle
cost projections.

boiler project. Figure 6 shows an example of the difference
between those two reset strategies; the difference in this
case would result in $2,500 in missed annual savings
opportunity.
Due to multiple additional problems with the controls
subcontractor’s performance, the general contractor
eventually removed the subcontractor from the job
and completed the remaining controls scope in-house.
Although the rest of the job was substantially complete,
much of the controls programming had to be completely
redone to ensure the sequences of operation would meet
the original energy design intent.

Gap Diagnosis
Because this was an existing building equipment retrofit project, the energy team had first-hand knowledge
O ct O b e r 2 0 1 3

ashrae.org

ASHRAE JouRnAl

61



ASHRAE Journal - October 2013

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - October 2013

Contents
Commentary
Industry News
Letters
Meetings and Shows
Feature Articles
Sustainable Design of Water Source VRF
Economizer for Data Center
Total Dissolved Solids in Reclaimed Water
Hot, Humid Lab Hood Facility
Engineer's Notebook
Building Sciences
The Performance Gap
ASHRAE Honor Roll
ASHRAE Research Report
Technical vs. Process Commissioning: Basis of Design
Emerging Technologies
Data Centers
HVAC Applications
Energy Modeling
Refrigeration Applications
Products
Classified Advertising
Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Cover1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Commentary
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Industry News
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Letters
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Meetings and Shows
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Sustainable Design of Water Source VRF
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 16
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 17
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 18
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Economizer for Data Center
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 26
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Total Dissolved Solids in Reclaimed Water
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 30
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 32
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 34
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 38
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Hot, Humid Lab Hood Facility
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 44
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Engineer's Notebook
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 50
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 52
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Building Sciences
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 56
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 57
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - The Performance Gap
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 61
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 62
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 64
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - ASHRAE Honor Roll
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 2
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 4
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 5
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 6
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 7
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 8
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 9
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 10
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 11
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 12
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 13
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 14
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 15
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 16
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 17
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 18
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 19
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 20
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 21
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 22
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 23
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 24
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 25
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 26
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 27
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 28
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 29
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 30
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 31
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HR 32
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - ASHRAE Research Report
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 66
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 67
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 68
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 69
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 70
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 71
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 72
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 73
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 74
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 75
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Technical vs. Process Commissioning: Basis of Design
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 77
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 78
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 79
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 80
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 81
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Emerging Technologies
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 83
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 84
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 85
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 86
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 87
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Data Centers
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 89
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 90
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 91
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 92
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 93
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - HVAC Applications
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 95
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Energy Modeling
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 97
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Refrigeration Applications
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 99
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Products
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 101
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - 102
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Classified Advertising
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - October 2013 - Cover4
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