ASHRAE Journal - November 2014 - 88

COLUMN IAQ APPLICATIONS

operators go beyond existing minimum practice standards to be better prepared for known risks and for an
outbreak that might be caused by a new microorganism
capable of spreading by the airborne route.
Do you know the difference between direct and indirect contact? What is a fomite? Can you distinguish
among a droplet, droplet nucleus and aerosol? Which
diseases spread by the airborne route? For this information as well as its importance, the position document is
essential reading and reference for anyone involved in
the design, construction or operation of facilities having occupants who may spread or be susceptible to such
diseases. For a brief explanation of these terms and concepts, see the sidebar, "How Diseases Spread."

What Preparation Should Facilities Undertake?
In the event of a pandemic or major epidemic (the
difference being the extent of spread), people may be
quarantined, travel may be disrupted, schools may be
closed2 and people may be instructed to avoid crowds
and contact.
However, some facilities, such as prisons, shelters
and those related to health care, cannot close or curtail
activities. Fast action regarding building operations
may be needed. Since the problem and its solutions are
multidisciplinary, the document recommends involving
engineers, building operators, scientists, infection prevention specialists, and epidemiologists.
The document says that new facilities should incorporate the infrastructure to quickly respond to an outbreak, in areas including emergency, admission and
waiting rooms in health care buildings, crowded shelters, and similar facilities. Such infrastructure might
include HVAC systems that separate high-risk areas,
physical space and HVAC system capacity to upgrade
filtration, the ability to increase ventilation even as
high as 100% outdoor air, the ability to humidify air,
receptacles at the upper room for UVGI and ceiling
heights of at least 8 ft (2.4 m). Once the building is in
operation, filter elements and upper-room UV fixtures should be available for rapid deployment in an
emergency.

What Should You Do?
Public health and disease prevention are essential elements of protecting and serving the public,
and engineers have a role to play. I like to say that
88

ASHRAE JOURNAL

ashrae.org

N OVEM BER 2014

HVAC and Transmission
Several HVAC interventions can affect airborne disease transmission. Existing
practice standards cover many, but not all of these.
Dilution ventilation
Temperature and humidity
Personalized ventilation
Local exhaust
Central system filtration

Local air filtration
Upper-room UVGI
Duct and air-handler UVGI
In-room flow regimes
Differential pressurization

engineers and plumbers have saved more lives
than all the doctors and health workers through the
removal of sewage and the provision of clean water
that would otherwise spread disease. In the event of
an airborne outbreak, for which the world is statistically overdue, engineers and technicians who understand airflow in buildings will be needed to reduce
the spread of disease.
Be prepared. Download a copy of this and other
ASHRAE position documents at www.ashrae.org/
about-ashrae/position-documents.

Acknowledgments
The position document owes it existence to the
knowledge, intelligence, hard work and spirit of
cooperation of the committee members and ASHRAE
staff: Michael J. Hodgson, Occupational Safety and
Health Administration; William F. McCoy, Phigenics
LLC; Shelly L. Miller, University of Colorado; Yuguo
Li, The University of Hong Kong; Russell N. Olmsted,
Saint Joseph Mercy Health System; Chandra Sekhar,
National University of Singapore; Sidney A. Parsons,
deceased; Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research, South Africa; and Steve Hammerling,
ASHRAE.

Notes
1. A majority of states identify school closure as a potential mitigation strategy in their pandemic influenza plans. However,
schools can serve as a central point for organized child hygiene
work and disease screening, as evidenced by results in the 1918
pandemic wherein New York City had minimal infection among
school age children despite being perhaps the only large city
that kept its schools open. Sources: Baker, S.J. 2013. Fighting
for Life, pp. 155-156, New York Review Reprint of 1939 Edition;
and The Center for Law & the Public's Health at Georgetown
& Johns Hopkins Universities. 2008. "Legal Preparedness for
School Closures in Response to Pandemic Influenza and Other
Emergencies: A Review and Report Submitted to the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention."



ASHRAE Journal - November 2014

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - November 2014

Contents
ASHRAE Journal - November 2014 - Cover1
ASHRAE Journal - November 2014 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - November 2014 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - November 2014 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - November 2014 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - November 2014 - 4
ASHRAE Journal - November 2014 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - November 2014 - 6
ASHRAE Journal - November 2014 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - November 2014 - 8
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