ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 32
TECHNICAL FEATURE
stock energy use. The general approach to developing
the prototypes is to include typical systems based on
building survey information, while making sure that a
range of building system types are appropriately represented in the set. The HVAC systems in each prototype
are shown in Table 3. While the weighted impact of the
prototypes is not an exact match for the U.S. building
stock, the mix of building types and systems provides
a good estimate of where energy is being used. One
limitation of this set of prototypes is that while the
characteristics cover 80% of the U.S. building stock,
certain specialized areas are not covered, including
grocery, refrigerated warehouses, and swimming pools.
Therefore, refrigeration and pool energy use will be
under-represented in the results presented here.
Energy Cost Breakdown Results
The pie chart shown in Figure 2 (Page 27) presents a
breakdown of energy cost by detailed end use after
implementation of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 across
U.S. climate zones, weighted by 2003-2007 new construction. National average energy prices used by the
SSPC 90.1 for Standard 90.1-2013 cost-effectiveness evaluation are used in this analysis to develop the annual
energy costs. The prices used are $0.1032/kWh for electricity and $0.99/therm for heating fuels. While heating is generally modeled with a natural gas source, the
heating fuel rate is a blend of natural gas, oil, propane,
and electricity used for heating, based on the national
commercial building mix. Complete detailed end-use
data by prototype, climate zone, and Standard 90.1 edition (2004, 2007, 2010, and 2013) are included in a set of
spreadsheet tables by energy cost, site and source Btu,
electric kWh, and heating therms. The spreadsheet is
associated with more detailed results that are presented
in PNNL's technical report.11
The energy cost breakdown can be viewed with another
dimension by slicing it by building type. Figure 3 (Page 27)
is an area graph of cost impact with axes of building type
and energy end use that is the national average of climate
When designing
health care HVAC,
expert guidance
is essential.
HVAC Design Manual for
Hospitals and Clinics
Second Edition
AVAILABLE NOW
www.ashrae.org/
hospitalsandclinics
www.info.hotims.com/54424-240
32
ASHRAE JOURNAL
ashrae.org
JAN UARY 2015
www.info.hotims.com/54424-224
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - January 2015
Contents
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - BB1
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - BB2
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - Cover1
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 4
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 6
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 8
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 10
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 12
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 14
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 15
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ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 17
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 18
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 20
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 26
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 28
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 30
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 32
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 34
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 38
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 40
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 43
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ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 46
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ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 50
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 51
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ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 54
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 56
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 57
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 58
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 60
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 61
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 62
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 64
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 65
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 66
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 67
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 68
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 69
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 70
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 71
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 72
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 73
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ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 76
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 77
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 78
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 79
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - 80
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - January 2015 - Cover4
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