World Trade - September 2008 - (Page 44) OCEAN TRANSPORTATION TOP TEN CONTAINER HANDLING PORTS: 2006 (million TEUs per year) ANNUAL GROWTH 2006 TEUs 8,469,853 7,289,365 5,092,806 2,390,262 2,160,168 2,067,186 2,029,799 1,987,360 1,968,474 1,606,360 3,506,1633 44,351,700 2005 TEUs 7,484,624 6,709,818 4,785,318 2,272,525 1,901,520 2,066,447 1,981,955 2,087,929 1,986,586 1,594,366 32871088 41,968,412 2005-2006 13.2% 8.6% 6.4% 5.2% 13.6% 0.0% 2.4% -4.8% -0.9% 0.8% 6.7% 5.7% 1997-2006 186.2% 108.0% 107.3% 56.1% 194.0% 78.5% 64.7% 34.7% 61.7% 72.1% 103.8% 80.9% Port Los Angeles Long Beach New York/New Jersey Oakland Savannah Tacoma Hampton Roads Seattle Charleston Houston Total Top 10 Ports Total U.S. Ports International Council on Clean pilot fuel switching program that Transportation, they emit more is expected to remove 400 tons Most U.S. ports are sulfur dioxide than the entirety of vessel related emissions from of the world’s cars, trucks and now among the largest the company’s fleet when it operbuses combined. These vessels ates in California waters. Maersk are poorly regulated and their sources of air pollution has voluntarily switched from share of polluting emissions is bunker fuel to a cleaner distillate in their cities. likely to double by 2020, unless fuel. BNSF railroad has pioneered ambitious pollution control clean-up efforts at several of its rail efforts are mounted before then. yards serving ports. Ships that refuse to comply with local fuel quality or The alternative fuels industry is also contributing speed reduction requirements often have the option to money for port clean up. Clean Energy, for example, is select a different port based solely on its weaker envi- currently investing $55 million to build an LNG proronmental standards. The best approach to reducing duction plant and $10 million to build the fueling infrapollution from ships, therefore, might be to negotiate structure at the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long environmental standards that can be implemented inter- Beach. The company is financing these investments nationally and applied to all ships visiting all ports. using money obtained from a successful initial public In the long term, depletion of oil resources and envi- stock offering completed in May 2007. ronmental pressure are likely to force the international California debated a strategy in 2006 that could promarine shipping industry to switch to another fuel alto- vide a good model for a U.S. program to raise money gether. There is already some experience with natural for port clean-up. Senate Bill (SB) 760 passed the Caligas use in ships. fornia legislature in September 2006 but was vetoed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. The bill would have Financing Port Clean Ups established a $30 per container fee for all containers The total cost for reducing air pollution at container unloaded at California ports. Although a public proports in the U.S. will be huge. The total needed nation- gram, the container fee would have collected revenue wide between now and 2020 will probably exceed solely from industry causing the air pollution. $20 billion, or roughly $1.5 billion per year. To meet these needs, full use of all traditional funding sources, Recommendations: Call for Action public and private, will be necessary. To date, most of Energy Futures has developed five recommendations for the money funding port clean-up efforts has come from public and private sector decision makers. The hope is that these recommendations will be considered as the government sources. The shipping industry, private terminal operators and national debate about how to combat the growing air railroads have contributed only modest sums to date to pollution at U.S. container ports moves forward. finance clean-up programs. Sound Energy Solutions in Long Beach is an example of a company that has con- Promote Use of Alternative Fuels and tributed more than $1.0 million in private sector funds to Advanced Technologies for Port Clean Ups. demonstrate the use of LNG in cargo handling equipment. The ability of diesel to meet the energy and environmenAnother example is Maersk Line, which is conducting a tal demands posed by container ports is already strained. 44 WORLD TRADE SEPTEMBER 2008
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