Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 47

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/mnt/data/www.nxtbook.com/fx/config_1.3/global.php on line 10 The Click Is
a Reward At my seminars, I enjoy challenging, “Could you teach your
clicker-savvy dog a new behavior, using only the clicker as reinforcement,
with no primary reward?” Invariably, the attendees answer, “No way!”
However, back in 1938, Skinner proved the power of a conditioned
reinforcer when he employed the new response method. He first exposed rats
to pairings of a click with food. Then he attempted to train the rats to
press a bar, with bar pressing producing nothing but clicks—no food.
Skinner reported, “…considerable conditioning can be effected….”
All the rats learned to press the bar, although it was not surprising that
the click eventually lost its association with food and bar pressing
ceased. A later experiment showed that pigeons would work on a schedule
where they had to peck the key 300 times for each presentation of a light
that had been previously paired with food. If you find that hard to
believe, this next detail will blow your mind—the pigeons had food
freely available during this time! This is a phenomenon called
contrafreeloading. Clearly, a conditioned reinforcer like the click comes
to take on such reinforcing power in its own right that, even without
intermittent pairing with food, it can sustain a significant amount of
learning. Makes you question the pervasive conviction that each click must
be followed by reinforcement, doesn’t it? The other method for
demonstrating the reinforcing power of a conditioned reinforcer is to take
a trained behavior and stop rewarding it with food, but instead follow it
only with clicks. Compared to animals that receive nothing pure extinction
, those that receive the conditioned reinforcer will continue to respond
for substantially longer, despite the fact that neither group earns any
food for their efforts. On an extinction procedure, trained rats will
typically give up pressing the bar after about 100 responses. In contrast,
if you continue to provide conditioned reinforcement for bar presses, rats
will persist in pressing the bar about 350 times before giving
up—significantly more if the rats had been accustomed to an intermittent
schedule of reinforcement first. The process of extinction slows because
the click itself is reinforcing to the animals. virtually any information
available to them that connects their behavior to reward. Learning is
enhanced when we provide the animal with relevant feedback in a timely
manner; hence, dogs are primed and ready to learn via clicker training.
Bridging Time Delays Clearly one of the advantages of using a conditioned
reinforcer, like a clicker, is to bridge a delay to reward. In many
training applications, it is impossible to deliver reward to the dog
immediately after he performs a specific behavior or a particular aspect
of the behavior. Imagine having to stuff a food treat in your dog’s
mouth the instant he enters the weave poles correctly or toss the ball in
his mouth directly after he jumps the apex of the A-frame! An acoustic
stimulus like the sound of a clicker is ideal for reinforcing desired
behavior even though the reward cannot occur until some time later. How
much later can reward occur and still link to the clicker and to the
behavior? According to the literature, during the training phase there is
an inverse relationship: the longer the delay between the click and the
reward, the lower the value of the click. One second between the click and
food delivery is optimal. Separate the click and reward by as much as 30
seconds and the click will acquire little reinforcement value. However,
once the dog is 47 The Functions of Conditioned Reinforcement It’s not
surprising that we refer to conditioned reinforcers like the clicker as
“bridges” and “markers.” It turns out clickers work their magic in
training through multiple roles. A well-conditioned clicker: • Functions
as reinforcement through its association with primary reinforcement •
Serves as a temporal bridge, permitting learning with delays between
behavior and primary reinforcement • Identifies the desired operant
behavior to the dog Let’s explore each of these properties separately.
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Clean Run Magazine - March 2007

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Clean Run Magazine - March 2007

Contents
Editorializing: What Can We Learn from Barbaro?
Tip of the Month
Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Agility...
Backyard Dogs
Trainer's Forum
On Course with Susan Rappillus
Beyond the Backyard
The Captain of the Team
Proofing Pole Popping
Spy Kids: Training New Behaviors, Part 1
Get “On Board” with Elicia Calhoun
Achieving Balance in Course Design
Clicker Complexities, Part 1
Alphabet Drills
Ready or Not?
Distance Challenge
Training with a Living Legend
Non-responsive Hind-limb Lameness in Agility Dogs
The Judge’s Debriefing
Whippet? Good!
A Six-Week Jump Training Program for the Classroom
Review
Nested Courses for a Busy World
Course Diagram Keys
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 1
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 2
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Contents
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 4
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Editorializing: What Can We Learn from Barbaro?
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 6
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 7
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Tip of the Month
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Agility...
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Backyard Dogs
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 11
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Trainer's Forum
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 13
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 14
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 15
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - On Course with Susan Rappillus
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 17
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 18
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Beyond the Backyard
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 20
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 21
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - The Captain of the Team
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 23
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 24
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 25
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 26
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Proofing Pole Popping
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 28
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 29
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 30
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 31
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Spy Kids: Training New Behaviors, Part 1
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 33
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 34
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 35
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 36
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Get “On Board” with Elicia Calhoun
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 38
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 39
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 40
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 41
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Achieving Balance in Course Design
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 43
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 44
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 45
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Clicker Complexities, Part 1
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 47
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 48
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 49
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 50
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Alphabet Drills
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 52
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 53
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 54
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 55
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Ready or Not?
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 57
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 58
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Distance Challenge
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 60
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 61
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 62
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Training with a Living Legend
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 64
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 65
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Non-responsive Hind-limb Lameness in Agility Dogs
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 67
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 68
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 69
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - The Judge’s Debriefing
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 71
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 72
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 73
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 74
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Whippet? Good!
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 76
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 77
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 78
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - A Six-Week Jump Training Program for the Classroom
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 80
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 81
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 82
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 83
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 84
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Review
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Nested Courses for a Busy World
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 87
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 88
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 89
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - Course Diagram Keys
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 91
Clean Run Magazine - March 2007 - 92
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