Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - (Page 22) PCI Express Free up Eliminate unnecessary design steps, boost system throughput, and get some ‘free bandwidth’ by using simple dual-casting techniques. bandwidth in PCI Express BY REGGIE CONLEY D 22 esigns using PCI Express – for all the performance bang that comes from its 2.5 GT/s (gigatransfers per second) in Gen 1 and 5GT/s (Gen 2) speeds – usually address one target at a time. This means an identical write packet needs to be sent to two addresses sequentially, instead of simultaneously – a process that tends to exact a penalty on system throughput. To counter this, the use of dual-cast techniques allow a PCI Express switch to make a copy of a posted write packet and send it to a second address, saving the original source the trouble of transmitting the same data twice, to two different locations. Dual casting enhances performance in applications where data must be copied simultaneously to multiple locations within a PCI Express fabric – essentially doubling throughput between the originating source and the target addresses. Designers can implement dual casting to eliminate an unnecessary step and help boost system throughput – and get a little “free bandwidth” out of it. Table 1 shows the standard type of system read and write cycles allowable in PCI Express. The transaction layer packets, or TLPs, are the payloads that communicate information between source and destination. It is this exchange of data back and forth for which the operating system executes work across the system. Of the message types available in PCI Express, only a memory write and a message are posted transactions, which are a communication sequence for which no return action is required by the recipient. For example, a system message, such MAY 2008 | embedded systems design europe | www.embedded.com/europe http://www.embedded.com/europe
Table of Contents Feed for the Digital Edition of Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 Contents Microsoft Provides Embedded Roadmap Enea Buys Developers Irish Start-Up Raises Funds for Telecom FPGAs Kontron Promotes COM Express Nano Mentor Nucleus Platform Provides UI for Atmel Small Form Factor Boards Head for the SUMIT Proffibus Advances IO-Link Integration Embedded Developers Cautious on Multicore Auto Cooperation Improves Test Altera Launches DO-254 Partner Network Building an ‘Instant-Up’ Real-Time Operating Systems An Architecture for Reusable Embedded Systems Software Free up Bandwidth in PCI Express Evaluating Software in Medical Devices Circuit Sensitivity in Analog Circuits Choosing Flash Memory New Products Advertising Contacts Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 (Page 1) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 (Page 2) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Contents (Page 3) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Contents (Page 4) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Contents (Page 5) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Microsoft Provides Embedded Roadmap (Page 6) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Microsoft Provides Embedded Roadmap (Page 7) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Irish Start-Up Raises Funds for Telecom FPGAs (Page 8) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Irish Start-Up Raises Funds for Telecom FPGAs (Page 9) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Mentor Nucleus Platform Provides UI for Atmel (Page 10) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Mentor Nucleus Platform Provides UI for Atmel (Page 11) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Proffibus Advances IO-Link Integration (Page 12) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Altera Launches DO-254 Partner Network (Page 13) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Building an ‘Instant-Up’ Real-Time Operating Systems (Page 14) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Building an ‘Instant-Up’ Real-Time Operating Systems (Page 15) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Building an ‘Instant-Up’ Real-Time Operating Systems (Page 16) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Building an ‘Instant-Up’ Real-Time Operating Systems (Page 17) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - An Architecture for Reusable Embedded Systems Software (Page 18) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - An Architecture for Reusable Embedded Systems Software (Page 19) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - An Architecture for Reusable Embedded Systems Software (Page 20) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - An Architecture for Reusable Embedded Systems Software (Page 21) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Free up Bandwidth in PCI Express (Page 22) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Free up Bandwidth in PCI Express (Page 23) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Free up Bandwidth in PCI Express (Page 24) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Free up Bandwidth in PCI Express (Page 25) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Evaluating Software in Medical Devices (Page 26) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Evaluating Software in Medical Devices (Page 27) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Evaluating Software in Medical Devices (Page 28) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Evaluating Software in Medical Devices (Page 29) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Circuit Sensitivity in Analog Circuits (Page 30) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Circuit Sensitivity in Analog Circuits (Page 31) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Circuit Sensitivity in Analog Circuits (Page 32) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Circuit Sensitivity in Analog Circuits (Page 33) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Circuit Sensitivity in Analog Circuits (Page 34) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Circuit Sensitivity in Analog Circuits (Page 35) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Choosing Flash Memory (Page 36) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Choosing Flash Memory (Page 37) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Choosing Flash Memory (Page 38) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Choosing Flash Memory (Page 39) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - New Products (Page 40) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - New Products (Page 41) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - New Products (Page 42) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Advertising Contacts (Page 43) Embedded Systems Design Europe - May 2008 - Advertising Contacts (Page 44)
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