Counseling Points - Family/Pediatric Nurse 11/08 - (Page 13)

CP Counseling Points An Introduction to ADHD ™ Caring for Individuals with ADHD Throughout the Lifespan • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric condition affecting children in the United States. • The prevalence of ADHD is higher in males than females. • It is now recognized that most children with ADHD continue to experience symptoms in their teen years and many find ADHD persists into adulthood. • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-TR defines ADHD as a “persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development.” • To date, there are no genetic or neuroimaging tests that clearly establish the diagnosis of ADHD. • Co-morbid disorders that may accompany ADHD in children and adults include learning disabilities, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, Tourette syndrome, anxiety and depression, and substance abuse. • The literature on ADHD in adults is quite sparse, but adults with ADHD tend to demonstrate symptoms of uncomfortable, internal restlessness and fidgeting rather than hyperactivity. • Treatment of ADHD symptoms should continue as long as symptoms are present and cause significant functional impairment. 14. Barkley R. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: The Guilford Press. 2006. 15. Selekman J. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In: Allen, PJ, Vessey JA, Shapiro NA, eds. Primary Care of the Child with a Chronic Condition, 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby-Yearbook. In press. 16. Wymb BT, Pelham WE Jr, Molina BS, et al. Rate and predictors of divorce among parents of youths with ADHD. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76: 734-744. 17. Rostain AL. Treatment resistance in youths with ADHD and co-morbid conditions. Psychiatric Times. 2007;24:1-3. 18. Biederman J. Impact of comorbidity in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(Suppl 3):3-7. 19. Mick E, Faraone S. Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008;17:261-284. 20. Solanto MV. Dopamine dysfunction in AD/HD: Integrating clinical and basic neuroscience research. Behav Brain Res. 2002;130(1-2):65-71. 21. National Institute of Mental Health. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2008. Accessed 9/8/08 at www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/ adhd/complete-publication.shtml#pub8. 22. Cormier E. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review and update. J Pediatr Nurs. 2008;23:345-357. 23. Spencer T. ADHD and comorbidity. In: Biederman, J, ed. ADHD Across the Lifespan: An Evidence-Based Understanding from Research to Clinical Practice. Veritas Institute for Medical Education, Inc. and MedLearning, Inc. 2006; 271-305. 24. Root RW, Resnick RJ. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Prof Psychol: Res Pract. 2003;34:34-41. 25. Fischer M, Barkley RA, Smallish L, et al. Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: Self-reported psychiatric disorders, comorbidity, and the role of childhood conduct problems and teen conduct disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2002;30:463-467. 26. Palumbo D, Spencer T, Lynch J, et al. Emergence of tics in children with ADHD: Impact of once-daily OROS methylphenidate therapy. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004;14:185-194. 27. Treating ADHD. Expert interview with Jefferson Prince, MD. The Carlat Psychiatry Report. April 2003. Accessed 9/8/08 at www.thecarlatreport. com/index.asp?page=wp3202007123142. 28. Wilens TE, Dodson WA. A clinical perspective of ADHD into adulthood. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:1301-1313. 29. Spencer TJ. The epidemiology of adult ADHD. CNS Spectr. 2008;13: 8(Suppl 12);6-8. 30. Adler LA. Epidemiology, impairments, and differential diagnosis in adult ADHD: Introduction. CNS Spectr. 2008;13:8(Suppl 12);4-5. 13 NOVEMBER 2008 http://www.thecarlatreport.com/index.asp?page=wp3202007123142 http://www.thecarlatreport.com/index.asp?page=wp3202007123142 http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/adhd/complete-publication.shtml#pub8 http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/adhd/complete-publication.shtml#pub8

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