Counseling Points - Psychiatric Nurse 11/08 - (Page 13)

CP dren in the United States. stance abuse. functional impairment. Counseling Points An Introduction to ADHD ™ Caring for Individuals with ADHD Throughout the Lifespan • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric condition affecting chil- • The prevalence of ADHD is higher in males than females. • It is now recognized that most children with ADHD continue to experience symptoms in their teen years and many find ADHD persists into adulthood. • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-TR defines ADHD as a “persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development.” • To date, there are no genetic or neuroimaging tests that clearly establish the diagnosis of ADHD. • Co-morbid disorders that may accompany ADHD in children and adults include learning disabilities, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, Tourette syndrome, anxiety and depression, and sub- • The literature on ADHD in adults is quite sparse, but adults with ADHD tend to demonstrate symptoms of uncomfortable, internal restlessness and fidgeting rather than hyperactivity. • Treatment of ADHD symptoms should continue as long as symptoms are present and cause significant 25. Fischer M, Barkley RA, Smallish L, et al. Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: Self-reported psychiatric disorders, comorbidity, and the role of childhood conduct problems and teen conduct disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2002;30:463-467. 26. Palumbo D, Spencer T, Lynch J, et al. Emergence of tics in children with ADHD: Impact of once-daily OROS methylphenidate therapy. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004;14:185-194. 27. Papolos D, Papalos J. The Bipolar Child: The Definitive and Reassuring Guide to Childhood’s Most Misunderstood Disorder. New York, NY: Broadway Books. 2007. 28. Lynn GT. Survival Strategies for Parenting Children with Bipolar Disease. London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publications. 2000. 29. Reich W, Neuman RJ, Volk HE, et al. Comorbidity between ADHD and symptoms of bipolar disorder in a community sample of children and adolescents. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2005;8:459-466. 30. Kent L, Craddock N. Is there a relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder? J Affect Disord. 2003;73: 211-221. 31. Krishnan KR. Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of bipolar disorder. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:1-8. 32. Anderson JC, Williams S, McGee R, et al. DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children. Prevalence in a large sample from the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987:44:69-76. 33. Treating ADHD. Expert interview with Jefferson Prince, MD. The Carlat Psychiatry Report. April 2003. Accessed 9/8/08 at www.thecarlatreport. com/index.asp?page=wp3202007123142. 34. Wilens TE, Dodson WA. A clinical perspective of ADHD into adulthood. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:1301-1313. 35. Spencer TJ. The epidemiology of adult ADHD. C N S Sp ectr. 2008;13:8(Suppl 12);6-8. 36. Adler LA. Epidemiology, impairments, and differential diagnosis in adult ADHD: Introduction. CNS Spectr. 2008;13:8(Suppl 12);4-5. 13 NOVEMBER 2008 http://www.thecarlatreport.com/index.asp?page=wp3202007123142 http://www.thecarlatreport.com/index.asp?page=wp3202007123142

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