Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 25

ALL THE LIGHTING
OF THE HOUSE IS
DONE BY ELECTRICITY
Margaret Ezekiel

When researching the history of theatre in Cleveland, I came across this intriguing description in
Cleveland, Illustrated, a Pictorial Handbook by
William Payne, published in 1876:

be lighted in a second of time. The stage is also
lighted in this manner. Mr. Gardiner has arranged
a portion of the stage so that in the storm
scenes the real lightning is produced from the
clouds which gives a startling effect...

All the lighting of the house [Euclid Avenue
Opera House] is done by electricity . . . . A portion of the stage is so arranged with electrical
apparatus that in storm scenes real lightning is
produced from the clouds with startling effect.

The footlights have been arranged so that they
can be changed to produce plain white light.
moonlight, twilight. or sunsets by a simple manipulation of keys. This Opera House and the
one in Pittsburgh are the only ones that have
this arrangement in this or any other country.

What could this have been? Electrical lighting
in 1875? Edison hadn't perfected the incandescent lamp until 1879! I went first to the Cleveland Plain Dealer, which had carried many articl es
on the opening of the new Euclid Avenue Opera
House on September 7th, 1875. But nothing had
been written about the mysterious lighting system,
although there was a great deal about the new
theatre.
The Cleveland Leader had only this to say:
"The apparatus by which the Iighti ng is consummated is placed on the right of the stage and enclosed in a neat case."
However, the Cleveland Herald carried a more
detailed account of the unusual lighting system
used in the Opera House. It described the "apparatus" as follows:
All the gas jets of the auditorium and stage,
being 1,000, are lighted by Professor Samuael
Gardiner's Patent Electric Gas Lighting Apparatus. On the left as you face the stage. the electric apparatus is placed in a neat case.
On the lower shelf is placed a small battery of
six jars, and on the shelf above is the induction
coil, a beautiful piece of workmanship. The coil
contains 16 miles of fine wire covered with .silk.
Every part of the apparatus is finished in the finest manner. Above this induction coil is placed a
beautiful marble dial. on which is marked the
different portions of the house desired to be
lighted. The operator has perfect control of the
lighting of any part of the house. The whole
auditorium, including the grand chandelier. can

~ THEATER DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY

DECEMBER ,1971

Before considering this system in detail, a brief
review of gas lighting might be useful.
Gaslight in the theatres of the nineteenth century
could be used for general illumination, for lighting
specific areas of the stage, and for special effects,
such as a moon, lightning, etc. Gas flame could be
used for fire effects and explosions, dragon's
breath, and many magical happenings. In such use,
it burnt down many a theatre. The amount of fuel
flowing to various outlets was controlled from a
gas table, which was placed on the prompt side of
the stage directly in back of the proscenium.
Gas was used in footlights, borders, and bunch
lights. The bunch light, a mass of gas burners,
cou Id be moved to any part of the stage. It was
fed from the source of gas by a leather hose. The
Park Theatre in Cleveland (in 1883) had five sets
of border lights with 50 jets in each. Two sets of
pipes were commonly used so that two quantities
of lighting could be produced, and the possibility
of total extinction could be obviated.
The new feature introduced by the patented
process at the Euclid Avenue Opera House allowed
the gas engineer to light jets as desired allover
the house, both backstage and in the auditorium,
from one central location. When combined with the
gas table, this invention gave gas tremendous
lighting possibilities comparable to those obtained
today.
The engineer could start with a dim light from
any jet or group of jets and gradually increase it

25



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971

Contents
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 1
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 2
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 3
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - Contents
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 5
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 6
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 7
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 8
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 9
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 10
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 11
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 12
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 13
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 14
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 15
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 16
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 17
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 18
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Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 20
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 21
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 22
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 23
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 24
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 25
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 26
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 27
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 28
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 29
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 30
Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 31
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Theatre Design & Technology - Dec 1971 - 40
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