Theatre Design & Technology - Fall 2005 - 49

For theatre audiences that now included
growing numbers of middle class, hardworking Americans, visually spectacular plays
became the most popular type of dramatic
entertainments.
The contributions made by the equine actor and the plays that
employed him are significant causal factor in its development
in the nineteenth century. The examination of some significant
horse-related innovations in scenic design, along with the specific patented designs that facilitated them, will provide powerful evidence in support of this.
The first known use of a moving panorama as part of the
onstage scenery of an American theatrical production came in
1828, when Paris and London, or a trip to both cities
opened at the Park Theatre in New York and utilized a primitive "moving" panoramic background to depict parts of the
title journey (Odell 1927-1949, 3:320, 378). In 1831, a production of H.M. Milner's Mazeppa utilized a similar panorama
at Astley's London Amphitheatre, as did a 1833 production of
Mazeppa at the Bowery Theatre in New York.
The 1831 production of Mazeppa at Astley's is significant
because it was the first time a moving panoramic background
was used behind an equine actor. However, aside from the
(then) unique combination of horse and panoramic background, there was no major innovation to distinguish the
design.
In Mazeppa, the setting beyond the panorama typically
included a variety of levels and "runs" onstage. These facilitate
actual movement rather than the illusion of it. The horse portraying the title equine, the "Wild Horse of Tartary," was
trained to tear madly up and down these runs, with the human
actor portraying Mazeppa strapped naked to his back. Various
accounts exist of the very real and palpable danger when the
horse was sent out for this scene. Clara Morris recounts the
legend of a horse named "Queen" aboard whom the American
actor R. E. J. Miles played the title role in Mazeppa during the
mid-nineteenth century: "When she came rearing, plunging,
biting, snapping, whirling, and kicking her way on to the stage,
the scarlet lining of her dilating nostrils and the foam flying
from her mouth made our screams very natural ones, [...]
and really it was a thrilling scene when Mazeppa was stripped
and bound, his head tail-ward, his feet mane-ward, to the back
of that maddened beast. She seemed to bite and tear at him,
and when set free she stood straight up for a dreadful moment,
in which she really endangered his life, then, with a wild neigh,
she tore up the "runs," as if fiends pursued her, with the man
stretched helplessly along her inky back. The curtain used to go
up again and again-it was so very effective." (Morris 1902, 109-
110) Morris also reports that Queen was later killed in a stage
accident while appearing in another hippodrama.
One can see how useful the ability to present the illusion
of equine movement is. In fact, the primary contribution of
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Mazeppa to the field of stage spectacle remains the combination of the horse and the moving panoramic background. This
early theatrical panorama was vital to the evolution of the technology.
There are two basic types of theatrical panoramas: the
endlessly repeating panorama and the progressive roller type
panorama. The simpler of the two is the "endlessly repeating"
panorama that runs continuously around two vertical rollers.
(See figure 1) Since it is seen repeatedly by the audience, and
since its size is limited by the available room for it to run and
also by the size of the rollers, suitability is limited. This type of
panorama simply shows a "moving" background and can effectively depict movement through (relatively) monotonous
terrains. It provides a novel and somewhat realistic effect especially when compared to a static background and can be
quite useful and realistic if it is being used to depict movement
around a set path such as, for example, a racetrack. The other
type of panorama is a progressive "roller-type" panorama that
scrolls, not repetitiously around two rollers, but from one
roller to the other. This type of panorama can depict virtually
any degree of detail as no part of it will ever repeat and be reseen by the audience.
When the panoramic background was used in productions of Mazeppa during the 1830s, it was a simplistic one,
probably of neither of these common types, but instead a predecessor that utilized individual moving background panels;
and there is no evidence that a treadmill was incorporated. Instead the equine actor was apparently trained to march in
place in front of the panorama.
It is interesting to consider why the combination of
equine actor and moving panorama should have been combined for the first known time in history with the production of
Mazeppa in the 1830s. It is especially puzzling when we take
into consideration that the technology required to produce the
effect (and even to build and operate the moving panorama)
was relatively simple. Why wasn't it employed earlier? The explanation lies partially in the appearance of the relatively new
theatrical genre, hippodrama, in which equine actors
(horses) perform characters onstage. The emergence of this
form as a popular attraction can be attributed to a number of
factors, most significant of which were the emergence of a new
middle class and the significant role of the horse in the development of human civilization and American culture. In nineteenth-century American society, with theatre audiences that
now included growing numbers of middle class, hard-working
Americans, visually spectacular plays became the most popular type of dramatic entertainments. Since audiences craved
spectacle, visual elements of production became increasingly
spectacular and realistic. When we consider that civilization
was simultaneously experiencing a rise in mechanization, it is
not surprising that the desire for spectacle combined with
these technological advances and resulted in a unique form of
entertainment. Since, at the time, there was no more familiar
or important form or symbol of power than the horse, he became a vehicle through which and around which spectacular
realism exploded on the stage.



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Theatre Design & Technology - Fall 2005

Contents
Theatre Design & Technology - Fall 2005 - 1
Theatre Design & Technology - Fall 2005 - 2
Theatre Design & Technology - Fall 2005 - 3
Theatre Design & Technology - Fall 2005 - Contents
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