Ergonomics Canada 2008 - (Page 8) hand-held and hands-free use1. According to Rudin-Brown, “The danger of using a cell phone while driving occurs when the driving situation suddenly changes. That’s when drivers who are talking on their cell phones will typically show slower reaction times and impaired decision-making ability, and may end up being involved in a collision.” Even though research shows cell phone use while driving impairs driving performance, when study participants are interviewed about their performance, they do not believe their performance was impaired9. This misperception by drivers can make it hard to convince them to stop using cell phones while driving. Question 3 – False Drivers report distractions outside of the vehicle to be present more often than distractions inside the vehicle and other inside distractions occur more often than cell phone use5,10,11. Note that it is difficult to make a link to some distractions such as hands-free cell phone use unless the individual reports it during the accident investigation. Question 4 – Inconclusive University of Calgary analysis found that reaction time was slowed during conversation with a passenger to the same extent as it was when talking on a cell phone1. Some research has indicated, however, that drivers drive more safely when there are passengers in the vehicle, and that this safer driving outweighs the negative effects of the distraction2,6. The exception to this is younger drivers with only younger passengers in the vehicle where a greater risk of collision has been found6. Tasks involving conversation, where the driver is actively engaged and having to respond to a passenger or individual on the phone, reduces the amount of attention that can be given to driving. Margo Fraser is a Canadian Certified Professional Ergonomist and Executive Director for the Association of Canadian Ergonomists. She acknowledges the support of the following people in preparing this report: Paul Stager, Christina Rudin-Brown, Craig Axler and Linda Sagmeister. 4. 5. References 1. Caird, J.K, Willness, C.R., Steel, P., Scialfa, C. 2008. A meta-analysis of the effects of cell phones on driver performance. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40, 1282-1293. 2. Drews, F.A., Pasupathi, M., Strayer, D.L., 2004. Passenger and cellphone conversations in simulated driving. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual meeting, 2210-2211. 3. Harbluk, J.L., Noy, Y.I., Trbovich, P.L. & Eizenman, M. (2007). An on-road assessment of cognitive distraction: Impacts on drivers’ visual 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. behavior and braking performance. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39, 372-379. Horrey, W.J., Wickens, C.D., Consalus, K.P., 2006. Modeling drivers’ visual attention allocation while interacting within-vehicle technologies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 12(2), 67–78. Klauer, S.G., Dingus, D.R., Neale, T.A., Sudweeks, J., Ramsey, D.J., 2006. The impact of driver inattention on near-crash/crash risk: an analysis using the 100-car naturalistic study data (Rep.No.DOTHS810594). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington DC. Lee, C., Abdel-Aty, M., 2008. Presence of passengers: Does it increase or reduce driver’s crash potential? Accident Analysis & Prevention, doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.06.006. Lee, J.D., 2007. Driver distraction: Breakdowns of a multi-level control process. In: I.J. Faulks, M. Regan, M. Stevenson, J. Brown, A. Porter & J.D. Irwin (Eds.). Distracted driving. Sydney, NSW: Australasian College of Road Safety. Pages 75-98. Redelmeier, Donald A., and Robert J. Tibshirani, 1997. Association between cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. The New England Journal of Medicine 336(7), 453-458. Strayer, D.L., Drews, F.A., Crouch, D.J., 2006. A comparison of the cell phone driver and the drunk driver. Human Factors, 48(2), 381-391. Stutts, J.C., Reinfurt, D.W., Staplin, L., Rodgman, E.A., 2001. The Role of Driver Distraction in Traffic Crashes. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington DC. http://www. aaafoundation.org/projects/index. cfm?button=distraction Vanlaar, W., Simpson, HM, Mayhew, D. & Robertson, R., 2007. The Road Safety Monitor 2006: Distracted Driving. Ottawa: Traffic Injury Research Foundation available at: http://www.trafficinjuryresearch.com/publications/ PDF_publications/RSM2006_ DistractedDriving_ENG.pdf 387802_Exuvii.indd 8 Ergonomics 1 Ergonomie 2008 • 7/3/08 10:56:22 AM http://www.exuvii.com http://www.aaafoundation.org/projects/index.cfm?button=distraction http://www.aaafoundation.org/projects/index.cfm?button=distraction http://www.aaafoundation.org/projects/index.cfm?button=distraction http://www.trafficinjuryresearch.com/publications/PDF_publications/RSM2006_DistractedDriving_ENG.pdf http://www.trafficinjuryresearch.com/publications/PDF_publications/RSM2006_DistractedDriving_ENG.pdf http://www.trafficinjuryresearch.com/publications/PDF_publications/RSM2006_DistractedDriving_ENG.pdf http://www.trafficinjuryresearch.com/publications/PDF_publications/RSM2006_DistractedDriving_ENG.pdf
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