Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Technology, 8e - vii
vii contents 21.12 Dry-Type Evaporator Performance 21.13 Evaporator Superheat 21.14 Hot Pulldown (Excessively Loaded Evaporator) 21.15 Pressure Drop in Evaporators 21.16 Liquid Cooling Evaporators (Chillers) 21.17 Evaporators for Low-Temperature Applications 21.18 Defrost of Accumulated Moisture 21.19 Evaporator and Defrost Efficiency Controller 511 512 512 513 515 516 517 518 Unit 22 condensers 523 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 523 523 524 524 526 527 528 528 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.14 22.15 22.16 22.17 22.18 22.19 22.20 22.21 22.22 The Condenser Water-Cooled Condensers Tube-Within-a-Tube Condensers Mineral Deposits Cleanable Tube-Within- a-Tube Condensers Shell-and-Coil Condensers Shell-and-Tube Condensers Wastewater Systems Refrigerant-to-Water Temperature Relationship for Wastewater Systems Recirculating Water Systems Cooling Towers Natural-Draft Towers Forced- or Induced-Draft Towers Evaporative Condensers Air-Cooled Condensers High-Efficiency Condensers The Condenser and Low Ambient Conditions Head Pressure Controls Using the Condenser Superheat Heat Reclaim Floating Head Pressures Service Technician Calls 531 533 533 533 534 535 538 541 542 544 554 554 554 555 Unit 23 compressors 558 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 23.9 23.10 558 560 565 575 576 576 578 579 588 The Function of the Compressor Types of Compressors Reciprocating Compressor Components Belt-Drive Mechanism Characteristics Direct-Drive Compressor Characteristics Reciprocating Compressor Efficiency Discus Valve Design New Technology in Compressors Liquid in the Compressor Cylinder System Maintenance and Compressor Efficiency Unit 24 expansion Devices 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 24.9 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 Expansion Devices Thermostatic Expansion Valve TxV Components The Valve Body The Diaphragm Needle and Seat The Spring The Sensing Bulb and Transmission Tube Types of Bulb Charge The Liquid Charge Bulb The Cross Liquid Charge Bulb The Vapor (Gas) Charge Bulb The Cross Vapor Charge Bulb 590 594 594 594 596 597 597 598 600 601 601 601 603 603 604 24.14 Example of a TxV Functioning with an Internal Equalizer 604 24.15 TxV Functioning with External Equalizers 605 24.16 TxV Response to Load Changes 609 24.17 Selection of TxV Valves 609 24.18 Balanced-Port TxV 609 24.19 The Pressure-Limiting TxV 609 24.20 Servicing the TxV 609 24.21 Installing the Sensing Element 610 24.22 Step-Motor Expansion Valves 611 24.23 Algorithms and PID Controllers 614 24.24 The Automatic Expansion Valve 615 24.25 Automatic Expansion Valve Response to Load Changes 616 24.26 Special Considerations for the TxV and AxV 616 24.27 The Capillary Tube Metering Device 617 24.28 Operating Charge for the Capillary Tube System 618 Unit 25 Special Refrigeration System components 621 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9 25.10 25.11 25.12 25.13 25.14 25.15 25.16 25.17 25.18 25.19 25.20 25.21 25.22 25.23 25.24 25.25 25.26 25.27 25.28 25.29 25.30 25.31 25.32 25.33 25.34 25.35 25.36 25.37 25.38 The Four Basic Components Mechanical Controls Two-Temperature Controls Evaporator Pressure Control Multiple Evaporators Electric Evaporator Pressure-Regulating Valve Crankcase Pressure Regulator Adjusting the CPR Valve Relief Valves Fan-Cycling Head Pressure Controls Fan Speed Control for Controlling Head Pressure Air Volume Control for Controlling Head Pressure Condenser Flooding and Condenser Splitting for Controlling Head Pressure Electrical Controls Pressure Switches Low-Pressure Switch Low-Pressure Control Applied as a Thermostat Automatic Pumpdown Systems High-Pressure Control Low-Ambient Fan Control Oil Pressure Safety Control The Defrost Cycle Medium-Temperature Refrigeration Random or Off-Cycle Defrost Planned Defrost Low-Temperature Evaporator Defrost Internal Heat Defrost (Hot Gas and Cool Gas Defrost) External Heat Defrost Defrost Termination and Fan Delay Control Refrigeration Accessories Receivers The King Valve on the Receiver Filter Driers Refrigerant Check Valves Refrigerant Sight Glasses Liquid Refrigerant Distributors Heat Exchangers Suction-Line Accumulators 621 621 621 621 624 624 625 627 627 628 629 629 630 631 633 633 633 635 639 639 640 643 645 645 645 645 646 647 648 649 649 650 650 652 652 652 653 654
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