IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 8

dramatically reduce co2 emissions without reducing
transportation benefits. simply eliminating much of the
wasted energy can be very beneficial in improving both
pressure on global climate change and air quality. as we
will discuss later, this can be accomplished by improving
ice efficiency by increased electrification of the vehicle's
powertrain and by reducing the weight of the vehicle.
air quality issues are not new to the auto industry.
severe smog was reported in los angeles (la) in 1943, but
the cause was not discovered until five years later. in 1947,
the air pollution control district was set up in la county by
then-governor earl Warren. in 1948, arie haagen-smit, a
scientist from the california institute of technology, linked
the smog to ozone caused by the automobiles. la residents'
own autos and factories were causing the smog that would
plague them with stinging eyes and
respiratory problems for decades.
to the auto companies, this was
of little concern and largely ignored.
it was not recognized as an indication of things to come in other areas.
in the 1950s, the notion that auto
and factory emissions could cause
respiratory problems was a novel
idea. to californians living in la, first
smog from their automobiles and
then traffic jams on the freeways
during ever-lengthening rush hours
began to define their lives. many
people planned trips to the desert or
mountains on weekends to get some
fresh air. usually, they drove. ultimately, that smog would spark the
process of regulating emissions, but
no one at the time foresaw the
potential magnitude of the problem or the possibility that
air quality would one day become a global problem and
the subject of global treaties and initiatives to solve.
perhaps less noticed is the amount of heat generated
by transportation. roughly 8 gal of transportation fuel
equal 1 million btus of heat. the heat generated from
burning 4 billion gal/day is roughly 500 trillion btus/day.
For many people, these numbers are beyond comprehension. For now, let us say that if our current fuel consumption levels have scientists and politicians worried
about the effects on our planet, then the anticipated growth
in auto usage to two times our current rates without
improving fuel efficiency would be much more threatening.

efficiency, and/or substitute some of the petroleum fuel
with electricity to offer consumers a more efficient choice
for personal transportation.
as mentioned previously, massive amounts of petroleum fuel are being burned in very inefficient conventional vehicles, so most of the fuel burned for transportation is
wasted because of the current inefficient powertrain
designs used to propel excessively heavy vehicles. the
caFe standards increase is intended to require improvements in transportation efficiency so transportation can
continue to grow without burning astronomical amounts
of fossil fuels unnecessarily. several strategies are being
pursued by automakers to achieve greater efficiency,
including more efficient ices, various designs for electrified propulsion-either as the only propulsion mechanism, as in a fully electric vehicle (ev),
or blended to some degree with an
ice, as in a hybrid electric vehicle
(hev)-or other methods of generating the electricity to power electric
propulsion motors. these approaches
are intended to improve powertrain
efficiency. another approach, reducing
the weight of the vehicle, reduces the
power required to accelerate the vehicle and, therefore, the amount of fuel
required to move the vehicle and its
payload down the road.
as engine makers strive to meet
the new caFe standards, new combustion techniques are being used to
extract more of the energy available in
fuel to gain engine efficiency and
reduce unburned fuel for lower emissions. one approach, reducing the
compression ratio in diesel engines, has the added benefit of enabling lighter aluminum engine blocks to replace
heavier steel, reducing the vehicle's weight. in addition,
advanced engines increasingly benefit from more sophisticated electronic control units. improvements in ices can
be amplified significantly when used in conjunction with
electric motors in the powertrain. examples include different electrification levels from the engine start-stop
technology and the integration of the battery starter-generators to various hybrid electric powertrain configurations with different hybridization factors.

Plug-in hybrid and
range-extended EV
designs that draw
much of their energy
from the grid are a
great way to use
energy from the grid,
particularly if their
battery packs are
charged overnight.

changing an Industry and electrification
the above-mentioned concerns have influenced lawmakers to institute higher fuel-efficiency standards for automakers-54.5 mi/gal by 2025 corporate average Fuel
economy (caFe) standards in the united states, for
instance. as a result, many newer automotive propulsion
systems use some degree of electrification, increase

8

I E E E E l e c t r i f i c ati o n M agaz ine / december 2013

electrically Propelled Vehicles
electrically propelled vehicles can be on the order of 80-90%
efficient at converting electrical energy into forward
motion, but storing enough electricity for long-distance
travel is expensive. consumers not yet familiar with evs
might believe recharging times should be no longer than
refueling a petroleum-powered vehicle with fuel. however,
a survey of ev owners/drivers indicates most charging
takes place at home overnight, and drivers quickly adopt



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013

IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - Cover1
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - Cover2
IEEE Electrification Magazine - December 2013 - 1
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