IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 23

Traction cycle
average efficiency
(HV dc regen energy)
+ (Axle tractive
=

Tractive Effort Versus Vehicle Speed 350 Vdc
(Inverter, Cables, Electric Machine, Gear Reduction, Bearing) FDR = 3.17
2,000
1,500
Axle Torque (Nm)

energy flow from the battery is in
both directions depending on the
vehicle operation. during vehicle
propulsion, the dc battery energy
flows out and provides the tractive
effort at the wheel. during other
maneuvers, e.g., regenerative braking, the mechanical energy from
the vehicle is converted into electrical energy by the em and delivers
the energy back to the battery.
the average drive cycle efficiency, as defined previously, is 85% for
the city drive cycle (Figure 16)

1,000
500
0
-500

-1,000

20

40

60
80
100
Vehicle Speed (km/h)

120

140

Figure 17. The drive cycle efficiency, city drive cycle (85%).

mechanical energy)
.
(Axle regen
mechanical energy)
+ (HV dc tractive energy)

Tractive Effort Versus Vehicle Speed 350 Vdc
(Inverter, Cables, Electric Machine, Gear Reduction, Bearing) FDR = 3.17
2,000

1,000
500
0
-500

-1,000

20

40

60
80
100
Vehicle Speed (km/h)

120

140

Figure 18. The drive cycle efficiency, highway (92%).

2,000

Tractive Effort Versus Vehicle Speed 350 Vdc
(Inverter, Cables, Electric Machine, Gear Reduction, Bearing) FDR = 3.17

1,500
Axle Torque (Nm)

Figure 17 shows the contour plot
of the drive system efficiency of the
Chevrolet spark electrical drive system. a peak drive system efficiency
of 93%, which includes the cables,
inverter, em, gear reduction, and
bearings, is achieved. the plot further includes the cluster of vehicle
operating points for the ePa city
drive cycle. the vehicle operates
most of the time in the low-speed
light load areas. the average drive
cycle efficiency, as expressed previously, is 85% for the city drive cycle.
a similar cluster of points for
the ePa highway and us06 drive
cycles is shown in Figures 18 and
19, respectively. For highway driving, the cluster clouds move to the
right to the higher speed operations. the us06 drive cycle has
high-torque, high-power operational points, as depicted in Figure 19.
the average drive cycle efficiencies
for these drive cycles are both 92%.
the ePa estimated range of 82 mi
is achieved for real-world driving
while maintaining a fast 0-60 mi/h
acceleration. Figure 20 shows the
Chevrolet spark's range compared to
that of the competition from a, B, and

Axle Torque (Nm)

1,500

1,000
500
0
-500

-1,000

20

40

60
80
100
Vehicle Speed (km/h)

120

140

Figure 19. The drive cycle efficiency US06 (92%).
	

IEEE Electrific ation Magazine / j une 2 0 1 4

23



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014

IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - Cover1
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - Cover2
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 1
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 2
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 3
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 4
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 5
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 6
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 7
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 8
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 9
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IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 19
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 20
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 21
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 22
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IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 70
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IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 73
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IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 75
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 76
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 77
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 78
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 79
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - 80
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - Cover3
IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2014 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2013
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com