IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2017 - 27

Axis Achieved RES Penetration
(% of Annual Load Demand)

80

75%

73%

68%

70
60
50
40
30
20

21.40%
14.60%

10%

10
0

4 MWh

8 MWh
12 MWh
Axis Storage Capacity
IRR

Penetration

Figure 12. Anticipated IRR and achieved RES penetration for
different storage capacities.

provision of firm capacity, i.e., capability to shave peaks of
the load curve (much like an HPS; see S. Papaefthimiou
et al.). Further increasing storage capacity leads to only
marginally higher RES absorption, but it impacts substantially the economics of the project.

Conclusions
The Greek NIIPS case is unique because of their multitude,
varying sizes, and high RES potential. HEDNO is responsible for the management and operation of the respective
power systems, as well as for the NIIPS electricity market;
it faces challenges to achieve high RES penetration, low
conventional generation cost, and high-quality service to
network users.
Since the interconnection of the remote islands to the
mainland is not always cost effective, HEDNO is currently
developing the necessary infrastructure to monitor and
control the operation of all NIIPSs, on the generation and
network side, in line with the provisions of the regulatory
framework currently in place. This infrastructure will permit optimal generation management, leading to maximum
RES exploitation, as well as objectivity and transparency in
operation of the market.
Ambitious demonstration projects aiming at very high
RES penetration levels (smart islands) are being advanced,
involving the application of centralized storage facilities
and smart management systems, to showcase technologies, test technical solutions, develop regulatory models,
and gain operational experience to transfer to the management of the NIIPS systems.

For Further Reading
"Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC,"
Official Journal of the European Union, L.211/55, 14 Aug. 2009.
"Management Code of Greek Non-Interconnected Islands,"
Greek Government Gazette 304/B/11.02.2014.

S. Papaefthimiou, E. Karamanou, S. Papathanassiou, and
M. Papadopoulos, "Operating policies for wind-pumped storage hybrid power stations in island grids," IET Renew. Power
Gener., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 293-307, 2009.
S. V. Papaefthymiou, E. G. Karamanou, S. A. Papathanassiou, and M. P. Papadopoulos, "A wind-hydro-pumped storage
station leading to high RES penetration in the autonomous
island system of Ikaria," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 1, no. 3,
pp. 163-172, 2010.
E. Kapolou, K. Papastamoulos, E. Karamanou, and S.
Papathanassiou, "Operation and sizing of a hybrid power station consisting of PVs and battery energy storage," in Proc.
CIGRE Symp. "Smarts Grids: Next Generation Grids for New Energy
Trends," Lisbon, Portugal, Apr. 2013.
S. Korkizoglou, E. Kapolou, E. Karamanou, and S. Papathanassiou, "PV penetration in non-interconnected island grids,"
Proc. CIGRE Symp. "Smarts Grids: Next Generation Grids for New
Energy Trends," Lisbon, Portugal Apr. 2013.
S. Papathanassiou, E. Karamanou, E. Stavropoulou, and T.
Patsaka, "RES penetration margins in the non-interconnected
island systems," presented at the Greek CIGRE Session 2015,
Athens, Greece, Dec. 2015.
N. Hatziargyriou, S. Papathanasiou, I. Vitellas, S. Makrinikas,
A. Dimeas, T. Patsaka, K. Kaousias, A. Gigantidoy, N. Korres,
and E. Hatzoplaki, "Energy management in the Greek islands,"
presented at the CIGRE Session 2012, Paris, France, Aug. 2012.
S. A. Papathanassiou and N. G. Boulaxis, "Power limitations and energy yield evaluation for wind farms operating in island systems," Renew. Energy, vol. 31, no. 4,
pp. 457-479, 2006.
P. Andrianesis, A. D. Papalexopoulos, and S. A. Papathanassiou, "Energy control centers and electricity markets in the
Greek non-interconnected islands," in Proc. MedPower 2014,
Athens, Greece, Nov. 2014, pp. 1-6.
N. Hatziargyriou, Ed., Microgrids: Architectures and Control.
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2014.
http://www.kingislandrenewableenergy.com.au/
The RES project in Graciosa Island. [Online]. Available:
https://www.younicos.com/case-studies/graciosa/
M. Á. Fernández Centeno, A. Marrero Quevedo, J. M. Quintero Gutiérrez, R. Caballero Nueda, and J. Hart. (Sept. 2012).
"Creating a hybrid hydro-wind system on a Spanish island,"
Hydro Review Worldwide. [Online]. Available: http://www.hydro
world.com/
E. Vrettos and S. Papathanassiou, "Operating policy and
optimal sizing of a high penetration RES-BESS system for
small isolated Grids," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 26,
no. 3, pp. 744-756, Sept. 2011.

biographies
Nikos Hatziargyriou (N.Chatziargyriou@deddie.gr) is
with the Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network
Operator.
Ioannis Margaris (I.Margaris@deddie.gr) is with the
Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator.
Irene Stavropoulou (Ei.Stavropoulou@deddie.gr) is with
the Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator.
Stavros Papathanassiou (st@power.ece.ntua.gr) is
with the National Technical University of Athens, Greece.
Aris Dimeas (adimeas@power.ece.ntua.gr) is with
the National Technical University of Athens, Greece.

IEEE Electrific ation Magazine / j une 2 0 1 7

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http://www.kingislandrenewableenergy.com.au/ https://www.younicos.com/case-studies/graciosa/ http://www.hydro http://www.world.com/
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