IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2017 - 62
Virtual
Impedance
Virtual
Impedance
Virtual
Impedance
Figure 11. Active damping methods using virtual impedances at different positions.
The stability issues of remote microgrids in the pre-
ceding weak grid context can be resolved by using either
passive or active approaches. Passive damping ap -
proaches feature simple implementation and can be
realized by inserting a physical resistor in series or par-
allel with the filter capacitor. For medium- or high-pow-
er applications, additional R, L, and C branches, as
shown in Figure 10, can be used to achieve passive reso-
nance damping and reduce damping resistance simulta-
neously. By reducing damping resistance in this passive
approach, the power loss at the filter can be lowered
down, thereby enhancing system efficiency. Active
damping approaches are mainly implemented by using
TAble 1. Technical specifications of Alaska,
united States.
Design and Assessment:
Software Tools for Remote Microgrids
To design and evaluate remote microgrids, different types
of software tools, free or available at a cost, have been
developed. These tools feature various and customized
functions with respect to the planning and operation of
remote microgrids, although some are still being updated
for functional extension. Among the software tools devel-
oped for remote microgrids, most are capable of running a
single- or multiobjective optimization algorithm to deter-
mine the optimal design of a predetermined or user-defined
remote microgrid. Note that some of them are also capable
of applying different control strategies and can adapt to dif-
ferent time intervals.
Type of Power
Supply
Energy Storage
Systems
Fairbanks
Steam turbine,
diesel, etc.
Battery
Metlakatla
Hydro
Battery
Kwigillingok
Wind
Battery
Kotzebue
Wind
Battery
Remote Microgrids in the United States
Kodiak
Wind
Battery and
flywheel
Kokhanok
Wind
Battery
St. Paul Island
Wind and diesel
generator
Flywheel
Many remote territories in the United States cannot be
easily connected to traditional transmission and distribu-
tion systems because they are in inconvenient locations.
A suitable solution is to electrify these areas by using off-
grid remote microgrids. A typical example of remote
microgrids in the United States is Alaska. Considering the
remote and isolated location, conventional grid-connect-
ed operation is difficult to implement there. Moreover,
given its climate challenges, the electricity and heating
prices in Alaska are extremely high compared with other
parts of the United States. These facts justify the imple-
mentation of remote microgrids with RESs. Most of the
communities in Alaska are served by remote microgrids,
which are powered by backup diesel generators and RESs
(e.g., wind turbines and small hydro). Furthermore, Alaska
has been leading the investment in energy storage tech-
nologies. The technical specifications of remote
microgrids in some typical communities in Alaska are
shown in Table 1.
Location
TAble 2. Technical specifications of Gasa
Island, South Korea.
62
virtual impedances. These virtual impedances can be
equivalently used in the control diagram to mimic the
same operation conditions with physical damping
impedance. The locations of these virtual impedances
are flexible, which can be at either the filter inductor or
the capacitor branches, as shown in Figure 11.
Type of
DERs
Power
Rating (kW)
Total Production
(kWh/y)
Penetration
Level (%)
PV
314
355,124
26.30
Wind
Turbine
100 × 4
733,790
54.40
Diesel
Generator
100 × 3
260,207
19.30
I E E E E l e c t r i f i c ati o n M agaz ine / j un e 2017
Pilot Practice: A Step Forward
Toward Field Applications
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