IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2018 - 92

xx
the dr provider may participate as the dispatchable

load in a retail market facilitated by the dsO. Alternatively, acting as an aggregator, it may use the available
participation model for aggregators of retail customers
to schedule or offer energy or ancillary services into
the isO/rtO market using aggregated dr resources

Table 1. The transactive nodes.
Transactive Node

Import
Limit (MW)

Export
Limit (MW)

TTN1

200

TTN2

200

TEN1

TEN2

TEN3

TEN4

Table 2. Paths (transactive gates).
Path

Path Flow Limit

From

Path Loss
Factor

From

TTN1

TEN1

100

TEN1

Load Pocket

TTN2

STN

100

STN

TEN2

STN

TEN3

STN

TEN4

Table 3. Resources.

from behind-the-meter customer assets under two different Pnodes. the aggregator then receives cleared
schedules from the market, informs the dsO of the
quantities bid and cleared, and their allocation to the
two Pnodes (the allocation may be implicit if the isO/
rtO provides for distribution factors for the aggregate dr).
xx
the ccA, under a retail access tariff, has made
arrangements with the supplier to serve its forecast
load; it informs the dsO of its load forecast accordingly.
xx
the supplier has a distribution grid-connected der
able to serve part of its ccA load obligation, and purchases the balance from the isO/rtO market at a prespecified Pnode; it informs the dsO of the forecast of
its der and the amount purchased from the market.
xx
the microgrid shown in Figure 5 is connected to the
distribution system only at one 12.8-kV substation
with import/export limits associated with the corresponding ten3. the capability to switch to a different
available point of common connection is accommodated in the tdMs.
xx
the supplier serving the ccA uses its der connected
to the 34-kV ten1 (to illustrate different configurations
accommodated in the tdMs, we have assumed no
import/export limit on the der, but included limits on
the net import/export from the 34-kV substation to
which it is connected); the supplier balances any shortfall through purchases from the isO/rtO market at the
ttn2; the supplier takes the risk of lMP price difference between ttn1 and ttn2 to get its der output to
the ccA. the supplier may submit a transactive ttcc
to limit its exposure to the der-ccA locational price
difference (which includes the lMP differential
between ttn1 and ttn2).
xx
the aggregator has dr assets partially under the
13.2-kV substation with no import/export limit specified
(the only limit is at ten1 the substation it is connected
to) and partially under the 12.8-kV substation (ten2)
that has import/export limits. Alternatively, it may elect
to register with the utility to participate as dr provider
with two separate dr resources (dr1 and dr2).

Resources

Capacity (MW)

Cost (US$/MWh)

DR-1

DR-2

DER

Price Taker

Inputs

Microgrid

PNode 1

200

PNode 2

200

tables 1 and 2 show the transactive node and transactive
gate (path) limits. the resources and loads are shown in
tables 3 and 4.

Results

Load

Forecast (MW)

the results of the tdMs, including the cleared resource
and load schedules and associated marginal prices, are
shown in tables 5 and 6, respectively.

CCA

Analysis

Load Pocket 1

Load Pocket 2

in the analysis presented here, for simplicity, we ignored
the administrative distribution operation and maintenance costs and treated any upfront connection fees or

Table 4. loads.

I EEE E l e c t r i f i c a t i on M a gaz ine / j un e 2018

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - June 2018