IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2014 - 13
incorporate renewables? Must they deploy smart meters?
Must they be able to seamlessly disconnect and then
reconnect to the larger ac utility power grid? these are all
open questions.
the only government agency to define a microgrid is
the U.S. department of energy (dOe):
a microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and
ders within clearly defined electrical boundaries
that act as a single controllable entity with respect to
the grid. a microgrid can connect and disconnect
from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected and island-mode.
Navigant research has broadened this definition of
microgrids to include remote systems in its analysis. remote
microgrids are networks that are not typically interconnected with any utility grid or may interconnect with a highly
unreliable grid; therefore, they operate in island mode for a
majority of the time. Paradoxically, it is these remote, off-grid
systems that were first called "microgrids" decades ago
before anyone mentioned the phrase "smart grid."
Why Microgrids Now?
as noted at the outset, the recent performance of the U.S.
power grid has highlighted the shortcomings of the status
quo. lawrence Berkeley National laboratory statistics show
that 80-90% of all grid failures begin at the distribution level
of electricity service. this is the exact portion of the power
system where microgrids can play an important role, bolstering reliability from the bottom up, rather than from the
top down. the U.S. average outage duration is 120 min
annually, and that number is getting worse, while the rest
of the industrialized world is less than 10 min and getting
better. Since electricity travels almost at the speed of light,
186,000 mi/s, a power outage of just 1/60th of a second can
crash critical radar systems at a military base or life support
systems in a hospital, with catastrophic impacts.
IEEE Electrific ation Magazine / MARCH 2 0 1 4
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