IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2014 - 63
Communication Network
al
Centr ol
Contr
To Another dc Bus
dc−dc
dc−dc
380 Vdc
dc−dc
dc−ac
Washing
Machine
dc−ac
dc−dc
Electric Vehicles
48 Vdc
dc−ac
Flywheels
48 Vdc
dc−dc
dc−dc
LED Lights
dc−dc
Air
Conditioner
Li-Ion
Refrigerators
24 Vdc
dc−dc
Ceiling
Fan
Consumer
Electronics
Figure 7. Cascaded converters in a multibus dc microgrid.
a significant problem in autonomous applications with a
single bus, but in case of multibus dc systems, voltage
deviations will be projected to uncontrolled tie-line current flows. to have full control over the MG, a higher control level that is able to assign the correct voltage
references to every bus with respect to the required current exchanges between them needs to be installed on top
of the primary level.
Multi-dc Microgrid Clusters
a structure that incorporates both control levels, normally
referred to as primary and secondary control, is depicted
Vdc
in Figure 9. it should be noted that exclusively 380-V voltage buses are designed to participate in inter-MG current
exchange, and, therefore, only they are represented in the
figure. the tie-line current between two MGs can be regulated by imposing the appropriate voltage drop between
their buses. this voltage drop can be calculated by a secondary current flow controller, which will generate positive or negative value (depending whether the current is
regulated to enter or exit the bus) and consequently cause
an increase or decrease of the respective common bus
voltage. the extent to which units contribute can be
actively regulated with participation factors. apart from
Vdc
Vdc
Vref, MG
io, VD 1
iOP1
io, VD 2
iOP2
io, MPPT
iOP3
Figure 8. Three converters connected to a common bus: two operate in VD mode, and one operates in MPPT mode.
IEEE Electrific ation Magazine / MARCH 2 0 1 4
63
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