IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018 - 43

x	
improved station equipment reliability and availabili-

ty, in conjunction with dependable communication of
station availability to fCeV drivers
x	
greater emphasis on renewable and low-carbon
hydrogen production, as demanded by fCeV customer feedback
x	
greater in-state hydrogen production.
x	
station network funding strategies that emphasize
transition to a self-sustaining market and increased
private investment
x	
the potential role of hydrogen-powered transportation in the larger energy system to include grid management, energy storage, and peak renewable energy
uptake needs.

Evolving Strategies Ahead
showcased are the wide array of strategies, tools, contextual understanding, and evolving market dynamics that
have occurred throughout the course of California's hydrogen fueling network development. These shifts demonstrated that prior plans may have needed to be adjusted or
recast in light of new information, but it has not meant
that any of the progress from the previous plans was
wasted. In fact, it is only because of early and continued
successes that California's hydrogen fueling network
development has evolved and incorporated many different perspectives in its history.
similar shifts in strategy are likely to continue, especially as the fCeV and hydrogen markets progress from
early commercialization to full-scale commercialization
and, hopefully, widespread adoption. To date, most of the
strategies and planning have been based, at least in part,
on efforts to project where the current and/or future fCeV
adopters might be located throughout the state. This has
been a crucial step, as large-scale commercial-era deployment did not start until 2015, with the introduction of the
Toyota Mirai. although the hyundai Tucson fuel Cell was
released in 2014, the announced volume of Mirai deployments was more closely aligned with expectations of early-commercial markets.
as greater numbers of vehicles continue to be
deployed, on-the-ground market realities will become
increasingly important. The actual vehicle deployment
may or may not reveal that the market projections
were correct. either way, the continued successful
development of the hydrogen fueling network will need
to follow the market realities of deployed fCeVs and
their observed fueling patterns and behaviors. any
shifts and course-corrections in strategy that arise
from increased focus on market realities will not invalidate the progress gained to date, but rather will represent proof of the success of early development to
enable these transitions.
It is also important to acknowledge that California is
not alone in its pursuit of fCeVs and hydrogen-powered
transport. The effort is global, and similar progress made

in recent years in Japan, Korea, germany, the united Kingdom, denmark, and other nations indicates that the effort
is increasingly multinational. new market dynamics, particularly developing supply chains and market competition, will require new kinds of analysis and likely
reconsideration of the most effective means of public-
private partnership and public cofunding of efforts within
both industries.

california's Unique contributions
These successive iterations of planning, funding, and
knowledge-building have resulted in California establishing one of the largest hydrogen fueling networks in the
world and deploying the largest number of fCeVs. CarB
and the energy Commission reported that, as of october
2017, approximately 2,500 fCeVs were registered with its
dMV, and similar industry estimates show numbers
exceeding 3,000. CarB's most recent short- and midterm
estimates predict 13,400 on-road fCeVs by 2020 and
37,400 by 2023 (figure 6). at the same time, the provisions
of aB 8 call for at least 100 stations by 2023. growth may
accelerate beyond these projections, especially as industry and government perspectives have recently shifted
toward an emphasis on self-sustained fueling station
market growth.
however, there may be an even more important
story beyond volumes of fCeVs deployed and the size

Hydrogen Fueling
Stations
Community with High
Coverage (Access to
Multiple Stations
Nearby)
Community with
Medium Coverage
(Access to Multiple
and/or Near by Stations)

Community with Low
Coverage (Access to
Few Stations Far Away)
Community with
No Coverage
Extent of Station
Coverage

UCI
Costa
Mesa

Newport
Beach

Service Layer Credits: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia,
© OpenStreetMap Contributors, and the GIS User Community
Figure 5. A conceptual representation of degrees of coverage provided by a group of hydrogen fueling stations near several local communities. (Image courtesy of Andrew Martinez.)

	

IEEE Electrific ation Magazine / ma r c h 201 8

43



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - March 2018

Contents
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