IEEE Electrification Magazine - September 2017 - 5

steam ships because improvements were made in sail ships that
kept them competitive longer.
More recent, and more relevant to
the discussion here, is the introduction of the personal computer
(PC). The PC required no fewer than
the following six separate strands
of knowledge:
1) binary arithmetic
2) the concept of Charles Babbage
(1791-1871) of a calculating machine, in the first half of the 19th
century
3) the punch card, invented by Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) for the
U.S. census of 1890
4) the audion tube, an electronic
switch invented in 1906
5) symbolic logic, which was developed between 1910 and 1913 by
Bertrand Arthur William Russell
(1872-1970) and Alfred North
Whitehead (1861-1947)
6) the concept of programming
and feedback that came out of
abortive attempts during World
War I to develop effective antiaircraft guns.
Although all the necessary knowledge was available by 1918, the first
operational digital computer did not
appear until 1946. The point is that
much knowledge existed in small
pockets that were not interconnected
for a long time. The information for a
number of major technologies is
shown in Table 1.
Although much knowledge exists
in small pockets that are not interconnected, as the web of knowledge
grows and the speed of search and
transfer increases, these pockets can
be found more and more effectively,
and this brings us probably to the
core of the disagreements concerning speed of development and time.
As Chauncey Starr points out,
...the time from conception to
first application (or demonstration) has been roughly unchanged by modern management, and depends chiefly
on the complexity of the

development. However, what
has been reduced substantially in the past century is the
time from first use to widespread integration into our
social system.

In other words, the speed of inventing has remained largely unchanged,
whereas the speed of commercializing it into an innovation and diffusing it into society has been substantially reduced.

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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Electrification Magazine - September 2017

IEEE Electrification Magazine - September 2017 - Cover1
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IEEE Electrification Magazine - September 2017 - Cover3
IEEE Electrification Magazine - September 2017 - Cover4
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_march2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_june2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_september2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/electrification_december2014
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