IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - 52

Omega (rad) CPr Lmide (p.u) Ppcc (p.u.)

broad area. in some cases, increased
flows have required remedial
System Separation Locus
action to mitigate circuit overloads.
0.4
Gorge
0.2
This can have a negative impact on
Power Flow Zambezi
0
system reliability. a specific case
-0.2
Victoria F
in point is the increased flows on
-0.4
Gerus
-0.6
the ac cable connections across
Hwange
0
1
2
3
0.4
the straits of mackinac, between
0.2
Botswana
the upper and lower peninsulas of
0
michigan. remedial actions have
Auas
Morupule
-0.2
-0.4
included operating new 138-kv
transmission lines in eastern Upper
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
500
michigan at a reduced voltage of
400
69 kv or open-circuited. This
300
reduces the loop flow but with the
200
downside of reduced reliability to
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
customers in michigan's Upper
P-ctd
Peninsula (UP). as a long-term
Island dept.
solution, american Transmission
company (aTc) saw the need for
Island cp.
installing a 200-mW flow control
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time (s)
device to manage the inadvertent
loop flow. after studying phase
figure 8. The Caprivi dc link with an ac system separation at the sending end.
angle regulators, variable frequency transformers, and back-toback
hvdc
links
(BtB
hvdc),
aTc decided on the latter as
the islanded network. if more load were connected on the island,
power flow over the dc link could actually reverse. in this manner, the best engineering solution due to its combined capability
the dc link remains ready for restoration of the ac interconnection. for power flow control, dynamic voltage support, and black
start. The ac network at the planned point of interconnection, however, is relatively weak. This precluded use of conMackinac
higher levels of wind generation in the north central United ventional hvdc with lccs at the desired power level. Use
states have resulted in increased transmission flows over a of capacitor-commutated converters would have permitted

E-W Separation

Indian Lake-Hiawatha 138-kV Line
138 kV S (MVA)
N-0
478
N-1
120

200 MW
Legend
Substation
Generating Part
138 kV S (MVA)
00-kV Transmission Line
115-kV/130-kV Transmission Line
N-0
956
345-kV Transmission Line
N-1
765

figure 9. The Mackinac 200-MW back-to-back VSC HVdc flow control.
52

ieee power & energy magazine

january/february 2014



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014

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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - January/February 2014 - Cover3
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