IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2014 - 43

table 1. The final uses of energy in 2009. (Source: IEA, 2009 with completions.)
Consumption
by Source

EU-27

United States

Mtoe %

%W Mtoe %

Solid fuels/coal
and peat

3.1

4.3

2.8

Petroleum
and products

505

43.7 14.6 740

Gases

258

Geothermal,
solar, etc.

Rest of the World World

%W Mtoe %

2.2

28.6 832

4.3

50.6 21.4 336

23.5 9.7

106

25.1 3.1

22.3 20.4 312

21.3 24.6 50

3.5

3.9

128

30.3 10.1 518

13.3 40.9 1,266 15.2

0.2

11.1

0.1

11.1

0.6

0.1

27.8

Biofuels
and waste

6.1

6.6

4.4

202

14.1 18.7 2

0.5

0.2

740

19.1

68.5 1,080 12.9

Electricity

234

20.3 16.2 313

21.4 21.7 263

18.4 18.3 60

14.2 4.2

571

14.7 39.6 1,441 17.3

Heat

4.2

0.5

3.8

21.7 108

25.6 42.7 34

Total

1,155 100

17.1

100

13.8 1,462 100

517

Russia

36.1 62.1 18

19.4 7

1.6

China

2.8

17.5

1,432 100

422

5.1

238

6.1

1,775 45.7 51.3 3,462 41.5

0.9

3,881 100

13.4 253

0.2

46.5 8,352 100

NOTE: %W = % from world.

respect to 2011 because Japan and Korea attracted more lnG
with higher buying prices. the international energy agency
(iea) anticipates global energy demand growth of about 35%
over the period leading up to 2035, with china, india, and the
Middle east accounting for 60% of the increase.
Gas and electricity bills for consumers account for a
growing share of household expenditures, ranging from 7%
to 17% across the eu member states. nevertheless, over the
last decade, while prices for crude oil, gas, and coal have
increased annually by 14%, 10%, and 8%, respectively, the
average eu wholesale electricity price has risen by less than
4%. the moderate increase in electricity prices-as compared
with the steeper growth of fossil fuel prices-is attributable to
the ongoing introduction of competition in the electricity sector. the electricity prices for residential customers (consumers
of 2,500-5,000 kWh annually) are not homogeneous in the
eu member states; they range from €0.10/kWh to €0.30/kWh.
along with this relatively high level of prices there is an
aging and not always adequate generation and transmission
infrastructure. the european electricity transmission infrastructure is composed of seven major synchronous subsystems, as shown in table 2. the european electricity sector
has been evolving from a regulated structure dominated by
vertically integrated utilities to an unbundled and liberalized system organized into various regional markets. in each
european country, one or more transmission system operators (tSOs) are responsible for operating, maintaining, and
developing the power grid.
the european network of transmission System Operators for electricity (entSO-e) was founded in 2008 and
is made up of 41 tSOs from 34 european countries, as laid
down in the ec's third electricity and gas liberalization package. entSO-e incorporates the former european transmission System Operators association (etSO) and five tSO
march/april 2014

organizations (atSOi, baltSO, nOrdel, ucte, and
uKtSOa). entSO-e's mission is to promote cooperation
among tSOs on important aspects of energy policy relating
to security, adequacy, market needs, and sustainability.
a geographic overview with some key figures on the different synchronous systems in europe is given in Figure 1, drawing on the information reported in entSO-e documents and
a ucte-iPS/uPS study for the synchronous interconnection
of the european continental grid with the power systems of
the commonwealth of independent States. the electricity
networks of cyprus and Malta are independent and presently
not connected to the continental system.
the security of supply, sustainability, and competitiveness goals of the eu energy policies, driven by new trends
including increased distributed generation penetration, massive deployment of renewable sources, and decarbonization targets, are expected to greatly affect the design and
operation of european electricity networks. in particular,
the target of a 20% share of renewable energy in final eu
energy consumption corresponds to a 35% share of renewable energy sources in electricity consumption by 2020
(compared with only 21% in 2010).
it has been estimated that the total investment required in
the eu in energy generation, transmission, and distribution
infrastructure through 2020 is on the order of €1 trillion. this
investment should ensure greater diversification of energy
sources, cleaner energies, and competitive prices within an
integrated energy market. as far as the power transmission
grid is concerned, the new investment needed (including storage facilities) is foreseen to amount to about €200 billion
through 2020. On the generation side, almost a fifth of the
eu's total coal capacity is to be retired in the period leading up
to 2020. due to low energy demand and increasing renewable
electricity production, some 65 GW of gas and coal power
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