IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2015 - 56
Q (V )/Pmax = 70%
€29,614
€62,427
€17,152
Q(V )/P(V )
€29,614
€70,184
€17,874
Q(V ) Without
PF Limitation
€77,932
€56,552
Q(V ) with
PF Limitation
€77,932
€58,115
€21,103
€14,577
€22,079
€61,841
€51,275
OLTC with
Vset = 1.0 p.u.
€134
NPVOP1
NPVOP2
OLTC Maintenance
€22,128
€18,241
Grid No. 39
NPVINVEST
€22,127
€18,220
NPVOP1
NPVOP2
OLTC Maintenance
€22,306
€18,014
€61,841
€43,810
€19,386
OLTC with
Vset = 0.98 p.u.
Grid No. 20
NPVINVEST
€24
€77,932
€83,925
CosPhi(P )
€14,663
€24,936
€863
€863
€24,936
€18,856 €863
€863
€153,162
€168,625
No Voltage Control
€21,041
€19,958
figure 8. Results of a cost-benefit analysis for two different LV grids, covering different advanced inverter functions and
MV/LV on-load tap changer. Shown are the NPVs of the required future classical grid reinforcement costs (NPVINVEST), the
NPV of the associated network losses (NPVOP1), the NPV of feed-in curtailments (NPVOP2), and the NPV for additional
maintenance work on OLTCs (OLTC maintenance).
curtailment of PV systems and other RES for saving grid
reinforcement costs. Recent studies indicate that there exists
a significant potential. This potential can also be seen in Figure 8 (especially grid no. 20) with a P(V) control approach
for low voltage grids. At higher grid levels, a coordinated
control is discussed presently.
One particular research trend in Germany is to redefine
interfaces between distribution system operation and transmission system operation and to analyze how DSOs can provide technical services to the transmission system operator
(TSO). The concerted provision of active and reactive power
flows at the interconnection points between the distribution
75.63
70
Power (GW)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Mon
5 May
Mon
5 May
Tue
6 May
Tue
6 May
Stacked
Stream
Hard Coal
Gas
Oil
Wed
7 May
Expanded
Others
Thu
8 May
Export
Thu
8 May
Date
Import
Pumped Storage
Fri
9 May
Hydro Power
Fri
9 May
Sat
Sat
Sun
Sun
10 May 10 May 11 May 11 May
Biomass
Seasonal Storage
Wind
Uranium
Brown Coal
Solar
figure 9. The generation mix for Germany 5-11 May 2014 (source: Fraunhofer ISE).
56
ieee power & energy magazine
march/april 2015
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2015
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2015 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2015 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2015 - 1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - March/April 2015 - Cover3
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