IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2015 - 38
visualization tools are yet to be fully developed and implemented to enhance processing real-time information, accelerate response times to various system disturbances (such
as power imbalances, network overloads, and inadequate
voltages), and achieve compliance with reliability criteria at
lower costs. This also includes the development of interface
technologies and standards to enable a seamless integration
of distributed energy and loads with the local distribution
system. Although the major ingredients of most of these
technologies do exist, the key unresolved challenge is in the
development and demonstration of effective energy system
integration and real-time control, showing that microgrids
can deliver the functionality and enhance resilience of future
low-carbon electricity systems.
It is important to stress that the development of resilient microgrids is in line with the concepts focused on
the planning, construction, operation, and management of
city energy infrastructure, systems, and services that have
recently emerged as a distinctive and potent domain. This
is driven by multiple challenges posed by rapid global
urbanization, the massive demand for resilient urban
energy infrastructure provision in response to growing
concerns associated with vulnerability to energy supply
interruptions. As a result, there is significant interest
in making full use of various forms of local generation
(backup generation) in large public or private institutions,
combined with various forms of demand-side response
and energy storage technologies, although integrating
these resources within local microgrids would significantly enhance the security of supply delivered to local
communities.
Control Challenges of Microgrids
The notion of control is central in microgrids. In fact, what
distinguishes a microgrid from a distribution system with
distributed energy resources (DERs) is their controllability
so that they appear to the upstream network as a controlled,
coordinated unit. DER elements include microgeneration
units, responsive loads, and storage devices. The basic architecture of a microgrid is depicted in Figure 3 and comprises
a hierarchically control distributed structure composed of
a network of local controllers connected to each microgrid
element and a higher control layer headed by the microgrid
central controller (MGCC) installed at the medium-voltage
(MV)/low voltage (LV) substation. Given the different characteristics of the DERs, the local can be distinguished in load
Energy Flow
Measurements/Inputs
Control Instructions
Microgrid
Central Controller
P, Q, V, €
P, Q, V, €
~
=
PV
A
DLR
P, Q, V, €
Smart
Appliances
~
=
Storage
EV
figure 3. An overview of a microgrid physical architecture.
38
ieee power & energy magazine
may/june 2015
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