IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2015 - 79
infrastructure. This can be a major concern for utilities if an
infiltrator is able to tamper with a device to gain access to the
private network that is used to operate distribution automation (DA) devices like reclosers. The CSMART project team
has split this subject into two parts, with one as part of access
control and identification procedures and the second as part
of cybersecurity plan and assessments in the LED project.
Cybersecurity Assessments
While providers stand firmly by their equipment touting
encryptions and security settings, there is always the fear
that individuals with a laptop can find a way to hack into the
National Security Agency, and infiltrate, slow down, or steal
information from a networked grid system. Having a complete understanding of how this networked system operates
and understanding the flaws or holes that infiltrators seek to
exploit was the key to CSMART's assessments of cybersecurity. The first assessment seeks to discover the incentives for
attackers to infiltrate the system, including gaining access to
private information, taking or impeding control of a system,
or tracking the system operator's actions. Rather than treating the symptoms of a larger problem, it is best for the project
team to understand attackers' motivations and then solve the
problem with a system-solution approach. Accordingly, system vulnerabilities must be tested and exploited. This assessment process is documented for reporting including log files
from attacks, any information collected, encrypted or not,
and historical data providing the metrics created above. This
documentation must be analyzed to reveal the extent of the
infiltration and the scope of revision necessary to address
any uncovered issues. The policies and procedures around
cybersecurity are developed based on findings and layers of
redundancy are added to further protect the LED system. IT
security is best viewed as a journey, with each step along
the way expanding the depth and breadth of awareness and
understanding.
Impact of the Integrated Lighting System
on Smart City Operation in Chicago
The IIT microgrid was the first installation of LED streetlights with a wireless networked control system in the city of
Chicago and one of the first in the world. For the students
and faculty participating in CSMART, this was an excellent
opportunity to maximize the body of research supporting this
revolutionary technology and to aid in the advancement of the
resilience, reliability, and economics of smarter cities globally.
Smart City Impacts
Resilience
The idea of a smart city has grown steadily and become more
intertwined with our everyday lives, with how we receive
power, how our highways operate, how we park, and how
we breathe. We must have assurance that we are approaching
a safer place in smart cities, not a place that is more prone
may/june 2015
to difficult-to-fight cybercrime or to failure during physical
threats such as inclement weather or terrorist attacks. A focus
on the resilience of smart cities will ensure that we don't
expose ourselves to additional risks as we upgrade our infrastructures and enhance our daily lives. The proposed integrated streetlighting system will improve the resilience of the
existing distribution network infrastructure by strengthening
the mesh and adding redundancy to improve the integrity
of the system that delivers power to our homes and businesses in smart cities. The communications included in this
networked LED system will lead to significantly improved
time when a greater percentage of the streetlighting system
is fully operational because of the remote nature of the status indications of the new fixtures. This will lead to greater
resilience to tampering and other mal intent toward the system in general. In addition, city lights can be easily operated
or set to different schedules during special events to direct
pedestrians or vehicles toward less crowded paths or during
an emergency to indicate the location of a crime or accident
to first responders.
Reliability
While communications to streetlights are a lower priority,
schedules for turning on/off are downloaded to the streetlights containing weeks of controls, meaning that a significant amount of time can pass without overtaxing the network
for streetlights. This opens the opportunity for DA devices to
utilize the same network, addressing potential issues of the
DA networking going down in the event of a storm or natural disaster. In addition, maintenance crews who are tasked
with maintaining an old and often malfunctioning system of
streetlights will have significantly decreased workload when
modern fixtures send e-mail notifications with GPS coordinates explaining any problem they might have. This allows
crews to allocate more time to other issues such as fixing
downed power lines and improving existing infrastructure. The reliability of such a vital piece of infrastructure
as streetlights is most important to community members
who fear for their children's safety when they walk home
on dark city blocks. This human aspect and the comfort that
the warm white light that these networked LED streetlights
provide are the most important addition to the infrastructure because we cannot have smart cities without successful
human or social capital.
Economics
A smart city requires an investment of time, technology, and
money to realize the full potential that a modern, streamlined, and more reliable city can achieve. A city requires a
large investment of time and money to maintain and operate its civic infrastructure. Bridges and roads need constant
repairs to keep them safe for passengers and cargo; distribution systems for water, natural gas, and electricity are constantly repaired or upgraded to reflect modern standards;
government workers and law enforcement personnel require
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