IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 62

measurement unit (PMu) data. it proves that the necessary
and sufficient condition for the instability of a multimachine system is that at least a pair of complementary groups'
kinetic energy exceeds the corresponding potential energy
barrier. the stability limit of the multigeneration system
model depends on the most critical pair of groups. thus,
the causality reasoning between the perturbed trajectory set
(big data set) and system stability margin (single scalar data)
supplements the experiential and statistical interpretations
for the disturbed trajectory stability. in this way, the experience-based analysis is promoted to a rigorous mechanism
analysis. in other words, the eeac determines the objectively existing yet little-known causality relationship in the
statistical data.
the eeac consists of three algorithms: static eeac
(time-variant factors are omitted), dynamic eeac (timevariant factors are partially considered), and integrated eeac
(time-variant factors are fully considered). the accuracies of
these algorithms increases successively, at the cost of additional computational burden. we can apply these three eeac
algorithms sequentially to coordinate the accuracy and computational burden in system stability analysis. the question
remains why the stabilities in many cases (denoted type a
cases) can be accurately calculated using the analytic static
eeac, while others (denoted type b cases) must be calculated
by integrated or dynamic eeac to judge their stability. by
analyzing and verifying the intermediate results from a large
number of cases, we find that errors exist in the static eeac
compared with the dynamic eeac because the step size is too
large to reflect the time variability of the mapping system. the
computational burden can be dramatically reduced when we
distinguish type a from type b cases.
when applying the eeac to a practical power system,
we can use the statistical technique to determine whether
the whole analysis process can be directly terminated at the
stage of the static eeac or at the stage of the dynamic eeac.
for example, when the results given by the dynamic eeac
are sufficiently close to those given by the static eeac, it is
unnecessary to use the integrated eeac. thus, the computation cost can be significantly reduced.
we can seen that the eeac theory reflects a good combination between causal reasoning and statistical analysis.
statistical analysis helps to find the mechanism behind highdimensional big data; causal reasoning is able to reveal the
principle of stability and conduct the analytical analysis.
in turn, statistical analysis can be applied to accelerate the
speed of analytical analysis.

Big Data for Power Equipment
big data technology also improves power equipment management. the data accumulated in the production management system and the energy management system are expanding.
the large scale of electric power equipment monitoring
data provides valuable information that can be extracted
using big data techniques. Data cleaning and fault diagnosis
62

ieee power & energy magazine

techniques are two typical applications in power equipment management.
Power equipment big data include
1) data from the equipment itself-nameplate parameters, equipment inspection data, maintenance and
operation information, and defects, faults, and maintenance records
2) power equipment monitoring data-power generation
and storage condition
3) power grid data-power system dispatching information, bus load and generation data, real-time voltage
and current data, and active power and reactive power
monitoring data
4) external data-geographic information system data
and meteorological data.
Data can become inaccurate due to anomalies and missing data points, which may be introduced accidentally or deliberately during the process of equipment data acquisition,
transmission, and storage. Data cleaning ensures the validity,
consistency, and integrity of the whole data set. figure 7 shows
the main procedures of the data cleaning method applied in
the power system. it contains three main processes: 1) missing data monitoring and completion, 2) anomaly data detection
and correction, and 3) data quality evaluation.
the missing data are first detected and categorized as
either small vacancy and big vacancy. simple algorithms such
as interpolation estimation, smoothing, or a regression method
can complete the small vacancy; intelligent algorithms such
as cluster analysis, the artificial neural network (ann), and
svM are more suitable to handle large vacancy. second, the
anomaly states of the data are detected by calculating the
change rate, mean, variance, and range of the monitoring data
under different anomaly modes. filtering algorithms are then
used to remove noise from the anomaly data. finally, the data
quality evaluation index set is used to judge whether the modified data are within a normal interval. if it does not pass the
quality evaluation, the data set should be cleaned again until
the quality requirements are met.
big data technologies also help improve power equipment
condition assessment and fault diagnosis to reduce the probability of equipment failure and strengthen the reliability and
economy of the power system. traditional fault diagnosis
methods rely mostly on a single parameter threshold so that
a considerable amount of false positive and false negative
results cannot be avoided. a fault diagnosis method based on
the large data set and multidimensional feature parameters
can effectively improve the diagnostic accuracy and reduce
the probability of equipment failure.
first, the correlations between various monitoring data
and the fault mode, fault location, and fault severity are
evaluated using correlation analysis algorithms such as gray
correlation. Key features of such correlation are identified.
then, the change patterns of the monitoring data under
different failure modes are identified using supervised or
unsupervised learning algorithms such as high-dimensional
may/june 2018



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 26
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 27
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 28
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 29
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 30
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 31
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 32
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 33
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 34
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 35
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 36
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 37
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 38
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 39
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 40
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 47
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 48
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 51
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 52
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 54
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 55
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 58
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 59
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 60
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 77
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 78
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 79
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 80
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 82
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 84
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 85
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 86
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 87
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 88
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 90
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 91
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 92
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 93
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 94
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 95
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 96
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 97
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 98
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 99
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 100
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 101
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 102
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 103
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 104
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 105
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 106
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 107
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - 108
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - May/June 2018 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070820
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050620
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030420
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070819
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050619
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030419
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070818
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050618
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030418
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070817
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050617
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030417
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010217
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070816
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050616
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030416
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/powerenergy_010216
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070815
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050615
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030415
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010215
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_111214
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_091014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_070814
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_050614
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_030414
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_010214
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com