IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2015 - 79

Consumo BT Aereo
Consumo BT Subterraneo
Consumo MT Aereo
Consumo MT Subterraneo

Red MT Aereo
Red MT Subterraneo
Red BT Aereo
Red BT Subterraneo
Red BT Subterraneo
Doble Calzada

Camera BT
Subida a Poste
Poste BT

Transformador Aereo
Transformador Subterraneo
PAD Mounted

figure 3. MV network in Santiago, Chile. (Reprinted by permission of Systep.)

different distribution networks, reflecting diverse underlying
cost at the regional level. Moreover, in countries like Spain
and India, tariffs are the same for all customers connected to
the same voltage level.
Post-2007, the United Kingdom and Brazil lead the way
in introducing locational charges at the extra-high voltage
(EHV) distribution level. Both countries' reform is driven
by anticipated substantial growth in DGs. The regulators of
the two countries are concerned by the lack of incentives
for DGs to locate at economically efficient places that will
best utilize the existing network and minimize the requirement for costly network upgrading. However, for demand,
high-voltage (HV) and low-voltage (LV) networks still use
the distribution reinforcement model (DRM) approach,
where customers at the same voltage level are subject to
the same incremental cost regardless of their locations. The

incremental cost is based on the historical cost in accommodating demand increments.
In Brazil, additional regulatory concern arose from DGs'
migration tendency to the transmission networks, as they are
financially better off with locational transmission charges.
In Germany, there are no locational signals for generators or load. Network tariffs differ among network operators because of different underlying costs, but not due to
any systematic geographical component. DGs receive a premium for avoided network charges of higher voltage levels.
Avoided network charges are calculated per regional network-that is, without systematic locational signals. Contribution-to-network costs (Baukostenzuschüsse) charged from
newly connecting generation or load are intended to favor
needs-based network expansion and avoid overdimensioned
network capacity. This does not convey locational signals

table 1. A summary of distribution voltage levels .
Voltage Level

United
Kingdom

Germany

Spain

Brazil

Chile

India

Extra-high voltage (EHV)

132, 33, 22

110

220, 132, 72.5,
66, 45, 36

138, 88, 69,
34.5

N/A

132, 33

Medium or high voltage
(MV or HV)

11, 6.6

20, 10

15, 20

13.8

23

11

Low voltage (LV)

0.415

0.4, 0.23

0.4

0.22

0.38

0.44

july/august 2015	

ieee power & energy magazine 	

79



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