IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 50

Displayed Week: CW 12; 2013

MW
60.000
50.000
40.000
30.000

€/MWh
150
125
100
75
50
25

20.000
10.000
-10,000
-20,000

-25
Mo
18.03.

Legend:

Tu
19.03.

Export

We
20.03.

Import

Th
21.03.

Fr
22.03.

Conventional >100 MW

Wind

Sa
23.03.
Solar

-50

Su
24.03.

Day-Ahead

Intraday

figure 10. Actual generation and demand profiles in Germany during a week in March 2013. (Source: IWES.)

of Dsos and Tsos are becoming closer, some lessons that
have been learned about independence of Tsos might find
application in the world of Dsos.

Facts and Estimates on DERs Impacts
DERs as Input to Transmission
Capacity Expansion
large amounts of solar PV generation have contributed very
significantly to meeting the total demand of a large country like germany and therefore have modified the transmission flows substantially. a report by the fraunhofer
Institute for Wind energy and energy system Technology
(IWes) shows the actual contribution of wind and solar
in meeting the electricity demand in germany during a
week in March 2013 (see figure 10) and then a simulation of what is estimated will happen during a week in
May under a hypothesized larger penetration of solar PVs
and wind (see figure 11). Many countries in the world

are planning to deploy large amounts of solar PVs connected to their distribution grids. The same appears to
be true, albeit less immediately, of generation with other
renewables, distributed storage, electric vehicles, and
demand response.
Therefore there is no doubt that DeRs, and distributed
generation in particular, are expected to have a major effect
on the bulk power system, including the transmission grid,
and estimates of the future deployment of DeRs will have
to be a major component in the input data for transmission capacity expansion plans. studies conducted by IWes
and ecofys have shown that increasing the installed PV
capacity in germany to 70 gW by 2020 would incur costs
of approximately €1.1 billion in terms of grid expansion
alone. The equivalent annual costs of this grid expansion
make up roughly 10% of the routine yearly expenditure for
grid strengthening. The studies took into account expanding
the low-voltage grid using PV plants that provide ancillary
services (e.g., voltage scheduling through reactive power

Displayed Month: May 2014
MW

Fr 30

Sa 31

Tu 27

We 28
Th 29

Su 25

Mo 26

Fr 23

Sa 24

Th 22

Tu 20

We 21

Su 18

Mo 19

Fr 16

Sa 17

Th 15

Tu 13

We 14

Su 11

Mo 12

Fr 09

Sa 10

Th 08

Tu 06

We 07

Su 04

Mo 05

Fr 02

Sa 03

Th 01

70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

figure 11. Simulated generation and demand profiles in Germany during a sunny week of May 2014, for installed
capacities of 50 GW PV and 40 GW wind. Peak powers of 35 GW PV and 21 GW wind are generated. (Source: IWES.)
july/august 2016

ieee power & energy magazine

51



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 5
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 11
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 82
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 85
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 89
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 91
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 97
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 110
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 111
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 112
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 113
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - 114
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - July/August 2016 - Cover4
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